Comparison of 80-keV D+ Ion Implantation with Thermal D2 Doping in Silica by FTIR and ESR Spectroscopy

Behavior of deuterium atoms in fused silica, which were implanted by 80-keV D⁺ (D₂⁺, D₃⁺) ions or doped thermally by D₂ (or D₂O), was studied by infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and by ESR spectroscopy. When 80-keV deuteron ions are implanted into fused silica, OD bonds are formed. The OD bonds are also formed by thermal doping with D₂ or D₂O. When the deuterated silica is γ-ray irradiated at 77 K, D atoms are formed by rupture of the OD bonds. The efficiency of the OD bond rupture in the deuteron-implanted silica is much less than that in the D₂-doped silica. It is concluded from the results of thermal annealing that the low efficiency of the OD bond rupture in the deuteron-implanted silica is due to the radiation damage accompanying the implantation process. However, the decay rate and detrapping energy of deuterium atoms, once formed in the silica, are similar in both cases.     

Modified age replacement policies

Modified age replacement policies, where a system is not always as good as new after each maintenance, are discussed. The expected total discounted cost for an infinite time-span, introducing some costs and a continuous type discount rate is applied as a criterion of optimality, and the optimum policies minimizing this cost are obtained. It is shown that, under certain conditions, there exists a finite and unique optimum policy. Relations to the existing publications are also shown.     

Selective O–H Bond Cleavage in the Radiolysis of Quartz

Cleavage of the O–H bond in quartz was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ESR spectroscopy. When quartz single crystals and fused silica glass are γ-irradiated at 77 K, hydrogen atoms are produced by rupture of O–H bonds. The initial efficiency of O–H bond cleavage in quartz single crystals, i.e. the initial yield of H atoms, was three times as great as that in fused silica glass, although the concentration of O–H bonds in quartz single crystals (70 ppm) is much lower than that in fused silica glass (4000 ppm). The efficiency of O–H bond cleavage in quartz single crystals indicates that energy transfer from the irradiated single crystal to the O–H bonds takes place effectively at 77 K. The efficiency of O–H bond cleavage decreases with increasing γ-ray dose, i.e. with increasing amounts of radiation-induced defects in quartz single crystals. When the radiation-induced defects are removed by annealing the irradiated quartz single crystal at 773 K, the O–H bonds are ruptured again as effectively as for a fresh quartz single crystal. The distance of the energy transfer, estimated by a target model, is ∼15 nm.     

KINETICS OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM WHEAT MILLING BY-PRODUCTS

An overview of the potential application of wheat milling by‐products as substrate for bioethanol production is presented. In order to select a suitable microorganism, model fermentations were conducted using glucose and dry baker's yeast. The overall ethanol yield was nearly stable (ca. 0.35 g/g), independent of mash glucose concentration; mashes with 100 g glucose/L resulted in an overall ethanol productivity of 3.48 g/L·h. Slurries containing low‐grade wheat flour (LG) (100, 200 or 300 g/L) were used for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Zymomonas mobilis. Fermentation performance was evaluated based on ethanol concentration (P), productivity (Q_v), yield (Y_P/S), production rate (Q_p) and glucose consumption rate (Q_s). Mashes containing 200 g LG/L produced about 52 g ethanol/L, with Q_vof 2.17 g/L·h. Based on the relatively high fermentation rate of LG, reaching peak ethanol productivity within ca. 9 h of SSF, considerable savings on fermentation time was achieved. Using Z. mobilis for LG fermentation, P was about 30% higher than that obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

Kinetic Behavior of H and D Atoms in γ-Irradiated SiO2 as Studied by ESR Spectroscopy

The decay of hydrogen atoms, produced by γ irradiation of fused silica and quartz, was studied by ESR spectroscopy. The decay of H atoms in silica cannot be explained by a secondorder kinetics nor by a simple first-order kinetics. Also, the decay is not composed of several first-order processes with different activation energies. The data for the decay of H atoms can be described by a first-order kinetic equation with a timedependent rate constant of the form k(t) = Bt ^α−1, where B and α are constants. The decay kinetics of D atoms in deuterated fused silica and H atoms in a single crystal of quartz are also explained by use of the time-dependent rate constant. The apparent activation energies for the decay of H and D atoms in the silica are 15 to 16 kJ/mol and 14 to 15 kJ/mol, respectively. The decay rates for D and H atoms in the silica are similar.     

Co-Al基三元系中B2相的溶解度间隙与稳定性

Information on phase equilibria in the Co-Al based systems which are related to some magnetic and heat resistance materials is important for their microstructural control. Recently, it was proposed with a theoretical calculation on electronic band structure that some Heusler-type alloys Co2 XAl (X: Cr and Mn) should be a new type of spinelectronic materials so-called half-metallic ferromagnet. In the case of the Co2CrAl, however, magnetic properties expected from the theoretical work can not been experimentally obtained and the reason has been still unknown. On the other hand, a tunne- ling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect due to the half-metallic properties was reported in Co2 (Cr0.6 Fe0.4 ) Al alloy, but not the Co2CrAl alloy. In the present paper, it is reported that this discrepancy with the theoretical work in the Co2CrAl alloy is bought about by phase separation between A2 and B2 phases, and that the substitution of Fe for Cr can suppress the precipitation of A2 phase in the B2 phase. Such a phase separation is originally due to the miscibility gap between CoAl and Cr formed in the Co-Al-Cr ternary system as well as that reported by Hao et al. in the Ni-Co-Al-Fe system.     

化学有序及磁有序在铁基合金相平衡影响方面的交互作用

It is well known that the magnetic properties such as the Curie temperature TmagC and the mean magnetic moment β of ordered compounds have different values from those of the disordered solutions. For instance, both Tcmag and β of the Ni3 Pt (L12) and NiPt (L10) and Tcmag of the CoPt (L10) and CoPt3 (L12) ordered compounds are strongly depressed due to the ordering compared with those of the metastable disordered Ni-Pt and Co-Pt alloys. On the other hand, the γ-FeNi3(L12) and the α-FeCo (B2) ordered compounds have higher Tcmag and β values comparing with the disordered solution phases, γ (A1) and α (A2), respectively. In consequence, the stability of the ordered phase is depressed or enhanced due to the interaction between the chemical and magnetic ordering caused by the decrease or increase of Tcmag and β values. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the interaction between the chemical and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria in the Fe-X(X=Al, Co, Ni, Rh, Si) binary systems.The Gibbs energy of the α(A2), γ(A1) and liquid phases is described by a sub-regular solution approximatior. The ordering contribution to the Gibbs energy ,ΔGmorder, and deviations of magnetic properties, ΔTcmag and Δβ, of the ordered compounds, FeAl(B2), Fe3 Al (D03), FeCo (B2), FeRh (B2), FeSi (B2), Fe3 Si (D03) and FeNi3 (L12) is introduced by the split compound energy formalism. Effect of the interaction between the chemical ordering, B2, D03 and L12 and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria will be discussed according to the calculated phase diagrams of the Fe-X binary systems.     

Development of Electrolytic Capacitor Less Photovoltaic Grid Connected Inverter with Boost‐Up Type Active Buffer Circuit

This paper proposes a configuration of a single‐phase voltage source inverter that features power decoupling capability. Generally, the converter connected to a single‐phase grid employs bulky dc link capacitors such as electrolytic capacitors in order to decouple the power ripple with twice the frequency of the power supply. The power ripple in the proposed circuit is compensated by an active buffer with small capacitors. In this paper, the fundamental operations of the proposed converter are confirmed by experimental results. From the experimental results, the output current total harmonic distortion (THD) is 3.51%, the ratio of the input current is 14.3%, and the output power factor is over 99%. In addition, the volume of the proposed circuit is reduced by 61% when the carrier frequency is 64 kHz compared to that with a carrier frequency of 16 kHz. Finally, from an evaluation of the power density using Pareto front curves, the proposed circuit achieves high power density in comparison with the conventional circuit.     

Optimal maintenance policies with lead times and repair

Maintenance policies with lead times and repair are discussed. We first discuss ordering policy with repair and refer to inspection-ordering policy. In each policy, as a criterion of optimality, we apply cost effectiveness which balances system effectiveness and cost, and obtain the optimal policies. It is shown that, under certain conditions, there exists a finite and unique optimal policy.     

Circle condition and stability margin of the optimal regulator for systems with delays

Robustness properties of the optimal regulator for systems with delays in the state are characterized: first, a Nyquist stability criterion is developed and the circle condition of the optimal regulator is derived. On the basis of these results, the stability margin of the optimal regulator is evaluated as by Lehtomaki el al. (1981), and it is shown finally that the stability margin is equal to that in the finite-dimensional case