Computation of Saturated Permanent-Magnet AC Motor Performance by Means of Magnetic Circuits

A digital computer evaluation of transient states in a permanent-magnet (PM) machine by means of the flux tubes method is described. The influence of initial rotor phaseshift on transient torque peaks, as well as the influence of saturation on current waveforms, is shown. Several computer runs are carried out to illustrate the applicability of the flux tubes method for computation of PM machine performance.     

Design of an IV Formulation of an Unstable Prodrug Candidate for Prostate Cancer Treatment: Solution Chemistry of N-(glutaryl-hyp-ala-ser-cyclohexylglycyl-gln-ser-leu)-doxorubicin

ABSTRACT

The chemical degradation of N-(glutaryl-hyp-ala-ser-cyclohexylglycyl-gln-ser-leu)-doxorubicin (henceforth referred to as doxorubicin peptide conjugate 1) was studied in buffered aqueous solution. The pH-rate profile of degradation shows that the doxorubicin conjugate is most stable between pH 5 and 6. The dependence of log k_obsd on pH in acidic medium is characteristic of specific acid-catalysis of the sugar hemiaminal of 1 (as in the case of doxorubicin). Isolation of degradates and structural determination shows that the degradation at lower pH values yields the water-insoluble aglycone doxorubicinone, supporting the mechanism of acid-catalyzed loss of the amino sugar. At pH higher than 5, a more complicated degradation pattern is observed, including the loss of the amino sugar and the aromatization of the saturated ring to give 7,8-dehydro-9,10-desacetyldoxorubicinone as one of the major products. Around the pH of maximum stability in solution, the rate of degradation of 1 is significantly greater than that for doxorubicin, which rules out the formulation of a room temperature solution product with a sufficiently long shelflife for market use. Design of a stable lyophilized formulation for sterile reconstitution based on the physicochemical properties of 1 is described.     

Development of Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Formulations of Calcium Alendronate Salts

Poorly soluble calcium-alendronate salts were prepared and investigated as potential candidates for subcutaneous or intramuscular formulations. Three such formulations containing calcium-alendronate salts with different stoichiometries were developed for testing in safety, disposition and efficacy studies in animals. All formulations demonstrated a drastic reduction in pain on injection and tissue damaging propensity compared to the soluble salts of ABP. All three were efficacious and showed prolonged absorption from the injection site with the deposition of a large percentage of the dose into the bone. Complex formation between alendronate and calcium was also studied.     

Protein isoaspartate methyltransferase-mediated 18O-labeling of isoaspartic acid for mass spectrometry analysis

Arising from spontaneous aspartic acid (Asp) isomerization or asparagine (Asn) deamidation, isoaspartic acid (isoAsp, isoD, or beta-Asp) is a ubiquitous nonenzymatic modification of proteins and peptides. Because there is no mass difference between isoaspartyl and aspartyl species, sensitive and specific detection of isoAsp, particularly in complex samples, remains challenging. Here we report a novel assay for Asp isomerization by isotopic labeling with (18)O via a two-step process: the isoAsp peptide is first specifically methylated by protein isoaspartate methyltransferase (PIMT, EC 2.1.1.77) to the corresponding methyl ester, which is subsequently hydrolyzed in (18)O-water to regenerate isoAsp. The specific replacement of (16)O with (18)O at isoAsp leads to a mass shift of 2 Da, which can be automatically and unambiguously recognized using standard mass spectrometry, such as collision-induced dissociation (CID), and data analysis algorithms. Detection and site identification of several isoAsp peptides in a monoclonal antibody and the β-delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) are demonstrated.     

A magnetic-equivalent-circuit-based performance computation of aLundell alternator

A claw-pole synchronous generator, or Lundell alternator, is the main source of electric energy in today's internal combustion engine automobile. Keeping in mind that, as consumer power on board a vehicle steadily increases, the importance of creating an accurate computational tool for Lundell alternator analysis and potential gains on output, efficiency and weight, is clear. This paper shows how a contemporary electric machine analysis tool, the magnetic equivalent circuit method, helps one predict performance of a Lundell alternator with a very high accuracy and a minimum of computational time     

Pole-changing permanent-magnet machines

Electric drives in which discrete speed control is required are today equipped exclusively with squirrel-cage induction motors, due to the property of the squirrel cage to always have the same number of poles as the stator winding. Conventional permanent-magnet (PM) machines have a constant number of poles and can be operated from a constant frequency source only at one speed. If a PM machine is built after the principles of memory motors, one can change its number of poles as simply as in a squirrel-cage machine. In this paper, the principles of. operation of a pole-changing memory motor are described, and its measured performance is presented and discussed.     

Memory motors

A new class of permanent-magnet (PM) machines, named memory motors for their ability to change the intensity of magnetization and memorize the flux density level in rotor magnets is described in the article. A memory motor can be built either as a variable-flux or pole-changing machine. In both machine types, the magnetization of PMs can be simply varied by a short current pulse, with no need for permanent demagnetizing current as in conventional internal PM machines at flux-weakening mode. The demagnetizing current flows through stator winding(s) supplied from the same source as the stator current. Memory motors combine advantages of a wound-rotor machine (variable rotor flux) with those of a wide-speed machine (no excitation losses), resulting in a unique machine concept that has the potential to find numerous applications in electric drives.     

Design of an i.v. formulation of an unstable prodrug candidate for prostate cancer treatment: solution chemistry of N-(glutaryl-hyp-ala-ser-cyclohexylglycyl-gln-ser-leu)-doxorubicin

The chemical degradation of N-(glutaryl-hyp-ala-ser-cyclohexylglycyl-gln-ser-leu)-doxorubicin (henceforth referred to as doxorubicin peptide conjugate 1) was studied in buffered aqueous solution. The pH-rate profile of degradation shows that the doxorubicin conjugate is most stable between pH 5 and 6. The dependence of log k_obsd on pH in acidic medium is characteristic of specific acid-catalysis of the sugar hemiaminal of 1 (as in the case of doxorubicin). Isolation of degradates and structural determination shows that the degradation at lower pH values yields the water-insoluble aglycone doxorubicinone, supporting the mechanism of acid-catalyzed loss of the amino sugar. At pH higher than 5, a more complicated degradation pattern is observed, including the loss of the amino sugar and the aromatization of the saturated ring to give 7,8-dehydro-9,10-desacetyldoxorubicinone as one of the major products. Around the pH of maximum stability in solution, the rate of degradation of 1 is significantly greater than that for doxorubicin, which rules out the formulation of a room temperature solution product with a sufficiently long shelflife for market use. Design of a stable lyophilized formulation for sterile reconstitution based on the physicochemical properties of 1 is described.     

Performance comparison of U-Core and round-stator single-phasepermanent-magnet motors for pump applications

Strontium-ferrite-based permanent magnets (PMs) are attractive for applications in electric machines due to several reasons. Their price is some two orders of magnitude less than the price of rare-earth magnets. They are chemically inert, which makes them suitable for applications in aggressive environments. Strontium-ferrite magnets have high specific electric resistance, so they do not experience thermal problems due to eddy-current losses. On the other hand, their low residual flux density imposes the need for special machine construction when high air-gap flux density is needed. It is shown in this paper how a synchronous motor with strontium-ferrite PMs can efficiently replace an induction motor in low-power applications, and why a round stator is a clear winner against a U-core PM motor     

A simplified approach to magnetic equivalent-circuit modeling ofinduction machines

The fundamentals of magnetic equivalent circuit representation of electromechanical systems and the application of these principles to the computation of induction machine dynamics have been previously discussed. Here, some simplifications which clarify the principles of the method and speed up the computation are introduced. The ability of the method to evaluate both time and space variations simultaneously is illustrated with graphs which represent the traveling waves in induction machines on a tooth-by-tooth basis