Ecological Planting Imperative: Functional Systems,Not Stylized Ecologies

The ability of landscape architectural projects to mitigate the worst effects of climate change will depend upon designed ecological systems. These systems will be built with plants. Despite the recognition of ecology as an essential driver of landscapes, the professionals of landscape architecture too often lack the knowledge and practical skills to create robust vegetative systems. New approaches and tools are required. This article outlines principles and methods for designing biodiverse plant systems for urban sites. Planting methods that increase species richness, functional diversity, and spatial complexity are emphasized as a way of developing more resilient plantings. Selecting species with similar evolutionary adaptions to stress, disturbance, and competition—as well as creating multi-layered compositions of diverse plant morphologies—allows designers to create compatible, long-lived plant mixes. To balance the increased visual complexity of diverse plant mixes, the article explores design techniques to make plantings more appealing to the public. The strategies explored here are based on the projects, experience, and research of Phyto Studio, a Washington, D.C. based studio. The methods build on work described in the author’s book, Planting in a Post-Wild World, an exploration of how to create designed plant communities.     

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE GOES MOBILE

New mobile computing technologies require new paradigms for infrastructure and interaction with mobile and networked devices. For building smart mobile companions for new intelligent services, a number of challenges have to be addressed. We argue that artificial intelligence is a key to a new generation of mobile systems. In this introduction to AI in mobile systems, we present some of the challenges and solutions in this exciting field of research.     

A New Concept for Using Ferroelectric Transistors in Nonvolatile Memories

A new concept for using a ferroelectric field effect transistor in a memory configuration is presented without the requirement of a negative voltage or an erase operation. The transistor is designed so that the accumulation sets in at a lower gate source voltage making it possible to reverse the polarization without applying a negative pulse to the gate.     

Enabling the detection of UV signal in multimodal nonlinear microscopy with catalogue lens components

Using an optical system made from fused silica catalogue optical components, third‐order nonlinear microscopy has been enabled on conventional Ti:sapphire laser‐based multiphoton microscopy setups. The optical system is designed using two lens groups with straightforward adaptation to other microscope stands when one of the lens groups is exchanged. Within the theoretical design, the optical system collects and transmits light with wavelengths between the near ultraviolet and the near infrared from an object field of at least 1 mm in diameter within a resulting numerical aperture of up to 0.56. The numerical aperture can be controlled with a variable aperture stop between the two lens groups of the condenser. We demonstrate this new detection capability in third harmonic generation imaging experiments at the harmonic wavelength of ～300 nm and in multimodal nonlinear optical imaging experiments using third‐order sum frequency generation and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering microscopy so that the wavelengths of the detected signals range from ～300 nm to ～660 nm.     

LARGE AREA PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS USING METAL FOIL SUBSTRATES WITH Pb(Zrx,Ti1 - x)O3 THIN FILMS

ABSTRACT

We report on the deposition of Pb(Zr_x,Ti_{1 - x})O₃ (PZT) thin films by chemical solution deposition (CSD) on stainless steel foils. The electrical characterization proves good ferroelectric properties with a remnant polarization of 38 μ C/cm². Since PZT is also piezoelectric the 35 μ m and 50 μ m thick metal foils are used to make piezoelectric actuated cantilever beams of several millimeter lengths. Actuated with 10–30 V a displacement up to 32 μ m was measured in quasi-static mode. In resonance mode the displacement increases several times at the same driving voltage.     

Solubility of Hydrogen Defects in Doped and Undoped BaTiO3

Thermal desorption studies and electrical conductivity measurements have been used to investigate the solubility of hydrogen defects in barium titanate ceramics in oxidizing atmospheres. Hydrogen is found to dissolve in the perovskite lattice of undoped and acceptor-doped BaTiO₃ by the formation of hydroxide ions on regular oxygen ion sites. The hydrogen defects act as mobile donors and may substitute the oxygen vacancies in compensating fixed acceptors. From the dependence of the solubility on the water vapor pressure and the dopant concentration, the incorporation/desorption equilibrium reaction is deduced. A defect model is derived which consistently extends previously proposed models. The influence of Ba₂TiO₄ and Ba₆Ti₁₇O₄₀ second phases on the solubility of hydrogen defects is discussed.     

Flowshop sequencing problems with limited buffer storage

Sequencing problems and especially flowshop sequencing problems have been broadly discussed in literature. But usually the effect of limited buffer storage is ignored, although in industrial production or computer architecture the amount of available buffer storage has an important influence on the performance of the system. This paper presents a systematic overview of how to formulate flowshop problems with limited buffer storage as well as several heuristics to compete with this class of problems. Numerical experiences are also described.     

Analysis of the anthocyanin composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Portugieser wines provides an objective assessment of the grape varieties

This paper presents data on the ratios of acetylated to p -coumaroylated anthocyanins of authentic and unadulterated trade samples of 71 Cabernet Sauvignon and 40 Portugieser winegrape varieties. The relative peak areas of nine characterising anthocyanins were determined by a standardised and validated HPLC-method. The 95%-confidence ranges calculated from the data ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 for the Cabernet Sauvignon wines and from 0.7 to 1.7 for the Portugieser wines. The rule that individual anthocyanin components are normally distributed was also confirmed for wines vinified from Gamay and Kadarka (Gamza) grape varieties.     

CHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS BLENDS OF PHOSPHATES

Chemical and functional properties of various blends of phosphate were examined and compared with the conventional phosphate (M-CP: a mechanical blend [50:50] of sodium tripolyphosphate [STPP] and tetrasodium pyrophosphate [TSPP]). Regardless of solution temperature and brine concentration, the solubilities of various blends of phosphates, especially M-1 (a mechanical blend [50:50] of tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and STPP), M-LC (a long-chained sodium hexametapolyphosphate [SHMP] treated with trisodium phosphate [TSP]) and M-MC (a middle-chained SHMP treated with TSP), except for C-S (a chemical blend [50:50] of STPP and TSPP for faster/higher solubility) and C-V (a chemical blend [50:50] of STPP and TSPP for higher viscosity), were higher than that of M-CP. The scanning electronic microscopic image revealed that the structures of various blends of phosphate were quite different. Comparing with M-CP, C-V was superior in viscosity, water retention ability (WRA), emulsifying activity and cooking stability. M-1 was superior in WRA compared to M-CP.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Conventional blending for phosphates is typically made through simple mechanical mixing. In our study, we featured chemically blended phosphates and found that some of them demonstrated superior functional properties. With this advantage, the use of chemically blended phosphate could reduce the usage level while achieving a similar or better performance.