Visual insights into high-resolution earthquake Simulations.

This study focuses on the visualization of a series of large earthquake simulations collectively called TeraShake. The simulation series aims to assess the impact of San Andreas Fault earthquake scenarios in Southern California. We discuss the role of visualization in gaining scientific insight and aiding unexpected discoveries.     

2-D dopant profiling in VLSI devices using dopant-selectiveetching: an atomic force microscopy study

We report a detailed mapping of a 2-D dopant profile on a fully processed industrial sample with large dynamic range and high spatial resolution by utilizing a dopant-selective etching process and Atomic Force Microscopy. The experimental results show excellent agreement with those obtained from SRP and SIMS as corroborative methods. We also discuss the most critical factors which influence the applicability, reproducibility, and reliability of this method     

List-mode likelihood: EM algorithm and image quality estimationdemonstrated on 2-D PET

Using a theory of list-mode maximum-likelihood (ML) source reconstruction presented recently by Barrett et al. (1997), this paper formulates a corresponding expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, as well as a method for estimating noise properties at the ML estimate. List-mode ML is of interest in cases where the dimensionality of the measurement space impedes a binning of the measurement data. It can be advantageous in cases where a better forward model can be obtained by including more measurement coordinates provided by a given detector. Different figures of merit for the detector performance can be computed from the Fisher information matrix (FIM). This paper uses the observed FIM, which requires a single data set, thus, avoiding costly ensemble statistics. The proposed techniques are demonstrated for an idealized two-dimensional (2-D) positron emission tomography (PET) [2-D PET] detector. The authors compute from simulation data the improved image quality obtained by including the time of flight of the coincident quanta     

COLLAGEN CHEMISTRY IN RELATION TO ISINGLASS AND ISINGLASS FININGS. PART II

The intrinsic viscosities of collagen finings were higher in the absence of citrate buffer than in its presence. The lower values, which vary among different preparations, well reflect their relative fining abilities. The latter are due to molecules which are, in most cases, larger than monomers, and the differences in intrinsic viscosity are ascribed to differences in molecular structure in the original tissues. The higher values observed in the absence of citrate are due to the aggregation of these molecules; however, these dissociate in beer and so do not assist fining in this form. The effect of the rate of flow in the viscosity measurements is considered. Differences in the shrinkage temperature of isinglass are related to differences in macrostructure, but these are not necessarily related to the stability of the protein in solution. The denaturation temperatures (T_D° C) of all the finings examined were in the range 29·2–30·3° C.