The price of anarchy in closed-loop supply chains

This paper measures the worst-case efficiency of price-only contracts in closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) with the price of anarchy (PoA). We model a single-period Stackelberg game in which a manufacturer sells new products to a retailer and collects used products with exogenous retail price and collection price via three alternative reverse channels: (a) the manufacturer collects directly from customers, (b) the retailer collects for the manufacturer, and (c) a third party is awarded a collection subcontract from the manufacturer. We carry out a comprehensive investigation under push–pull configurations to observe how reverse channel structures with different gaming sequences of CLSC members influence the worst-case performance when the demand distribution is over the set of increasing generalized failure rate distributions. From our PoA analysis, we find that the pull system does not always outperform the push system, especially when the retailer is the leader, in contrast to the results for forward supply chains. While the PoA of the push system is dramatically sensitive to the quality condition of used products, the pull system has a constant efficiency loss that is independent of the quality condition. Instead, the PoA of the pull system solely changes with the gaming sequence of the manufacturer. We also find that manufacturer's direct collection is a better reverse channel choice compared to retailer's collection. Additional managerial insights are summarized for discussion.     

A grey-fuzzy Taguchi approach for optimizing multi-objective properties of zirconium-containing diamond-like carbon coatings

Metallic, diamond-like carbon (Me-DLC) coatings are widely used in the mold industry due to their excellent wear resistance. In this paper, zirconium-containing DLC (Zr-DLC) coatings are prepared using an unbalanced magnetron sputtering process. Factors that affect the wear resistance of coatings consist of friction coefficients, hardness and anti-sticking properties. This paper aims to develop a method that optimizes the multi-objective properties of Zr-DLC coatings. For statistical purposes, the experimental parameters for the Zr-DLC coatings were put in place with a L18(3⁵) orthogonal array. In order to optimize these properties, a method combining the grey, fuzzy and Taguchi approaches was established. While using the developed grey-fuzzy Taguchi method (GFTM), the experimental results from four properties can be integrated into a performance index. A comparison of the integrated performance index between the initial and optimal conditions shows that the magnitude increases from 0.46 to 0.81. The gain for each property by the GFTM from the initial condition is reported as 35% positive.     

Mechanical and hydrophobic properties of chromium carbide films via a multi-objective optimization approach

In this study, chromium carbide films are deposited on high-speed tool steel and silicon wafers using an unbalanced magnetron sputtering process. A gradient interlayer consisting of Cr/CrN/CrCN between the chromium carbide layer and substrate is prepared in order to enhance the adhesion. In the experimental design, L18 (2¹ × 3⁷) orthogonal array experiments were used for the statistical purpose and the eight process control factors selected in order to study their contributions to the properties of carbide films. The mechanical and hydrophobic properties were evaluated by means of the coefficient of friction (CoF) and water contact angle (WCA), respectively. For optimizing and balancing the performance of these two properties, a grey relational analysis is applied to combine the two signal-to-noise ratios of self property in a performance index. With the grey Taguchi multi-objective optimization (GTMO) approach, the optimal experimental parameters can be determined and the verification experiments carried out. A comparison of the integrated performance index between the initial and the optimal conditions shows that the magnitude increases from 0.38 to 0.87. For film properties, the CoF decreased from 0.656 to 0.234, and the WCA increased from 83.2 to 96.3°. The gain for integrated performance index by the GTMO from the initial condition is reported as 49% positive.     

绿色面条的研制

绿色面条的研制迟玉森山东师范大学生物系２５００１４庄桂东山东省卫生防疫站在食品生产和销售中,清新而悦目的色泽是对食品最基本也是最重要的要求之一。为此人们设计了在食品中添加各种食用色素,以改善其感观指标,满足消费者的需要。随着人们生活水平的不断提高和回...     

发酵处理对豆豉抗氧化活性影响的研究

发酵处理基本上不改变豆豉中异黄酮的总含量,而糖苷型大豆异黄酮在β-葡萄糖苷酶的作用下部分转化为游离型大豆异黄酮,使游离型大豆异黄酮的含量明显提高;在样品未添加任何抗氧化剂的前提下,通过试验发现豆豉的自身抗氧化性比原料熟黑豆强许多。     

Detecting small pulmonary nodules with spiral ultrashort echo time sequences in 1.5 T MRI

Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine - This study investigated ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences in 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for small lung nodule...     

基于三维配筋的水工结构钢筋图自动标注研究

研究了钢筋图中钢筋的自动标注技术,具体探讨了标注实体的表达,标注规划表示以及标注干涉处理等问题。     

基于可靠拓扑的高可用性网络核心问题分析

如何建设下一代集成服务的高可用性网络是网络界的研究方向之一．基于可靠拓扑研究了高可用性网络,在网络可用性宏观定义的基础上,讨论并分析了影响高可用性网络构建的7类核心问题,包括网络体系结构设计、服务管理、资源管理、网络安全、开放式应用、网络管理及指标的评估等,指出在设计高可靠性网络架构中,应对其进行综合的衡量．提出下一代高可用性网络的设计应本着需求牵引、服务为核心的原则．最后介绍了下一代高可用性网格HaGrid的设计思想．     

Visual ecology: Outdoor light environment for plant design by computer simulation

This study attempts to show how the duration of building shading impacts the light environment of plants. AutoLISP program language and AutoCAD software are used to develop a 3-D analytic model. Taking the National United University campus as an empirical case, the ratio of sunshade around buildings is simulated and calculated. From the perspective of visual effects and rate of sunlight, “symmetric” or “row” plant design usually ignores the fact that plants are living organisms. Meanwhile, so-called Enviroscaping, a new energy-saving technology, promotes reasonable landscaping decisions.