韧性材料断裂形式与J准则存在的问题

受材料特性不同与应力状态形式不同的影响,韧性材料可发生准解理断裂、孔洞正拉断、孔洞剪断和无孔洞影响的剪断等多种断裂形式,不同的断裂形式,材料中危险点位置与宏观断裂面方向则不同,相应的细观断裂机理、宏观断裂条件也有区分.J-积分理论没有区分材料不同断裂形式,将其用于金属材料一些复合型断裂试验结果时有较大误差.利用细观力学对材料断裂机理的分析,结合几种金属材料在不同应力状态下的断裂试验结果,对J准则存在的基本问题进行讨论,并对材料不同断裂形式的主要影响因素进行分析.     

Analytical model test of methods to find the geometry and velocity of magnetic structures

It is important to determine the dimensionality and velocity information in the study of spatial magnetic structures. Many data analysis theories/techniques are based on the assumption of one or two dimensions. For example, the Grad-Shafranov(GS)reconstruction method assumes a dimensionality of two or less. The Minimum Direction Derivative(MDD) method provides an indication of the dimensionality. For the structure velocity, the components in each dimensionality can be calculated by SpatioTemporal Difference analysis(STD). In order to improve the convenience of use of MDD method, a new parameter Dm quantifying the dimensionality based on MDD eigenvalues is introduced in this paper. The influences of noise/turbulence,separation distance and tetrahedron configuration on MDD and the evaluation of Dmare systematically tested using two analytical models for magnetic structures, representing a magnetic mirror and magnetic flux rope. We tested and gave the threshold values of three quality indicators for MDD results using the flux rope model. We also show that the error induced by turbulence is comparable to that of random noise when the turbulence scales are less than the spacecraft separation. Besides, the accuracy of STD velocity estimation will also be influenced by turbulence for cases with excessively high data time resolution.By using Dm, we show that an ideal model of a mirror-like structure can be divided into one dimension(1-D) and three dimension(3-D) regions. This restricts the applicability of the GS method in mirror-like structures. For example, in a given reconstruction range, the GS error increased from less than 7% to more than 15% by using the data along trajectories in 1-D and 3-D regions as predicated by Dm. Thus, it is important to estimate the structure dimensionality, which can be further used to estimate the reliability of the GS reconstruction map.     

锰铜合金奥贝球铁组织与力学性能研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和性能测试等手段研究了锰铜合金奥贝球铁标准试样的显微组织与力学性能。结果表明,锰铜合金奥贝球铁标准试样经等温淬火和回火后的力学性能范围为σb1007.4～1200MPa,δ5.2%～8.8%,HRC32～35,αk70～120J/cm2,达到了EN1564-97/EN-CJS-1000-5欧洲标准。     

Propagation properties of foreshock cavitons: Cluster observations

Foreshock cavitons are transient phenomena observed in the terrestrial foreshock region. They are characterized by a simultaneous depression of magnetic field magnitude and plasma density, which are bounded with enhancements of these two parameters and surrounded by ultralow frequency(ULF) waves. Previous studies focused on the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF) conditions, solar wind(SW) conditions, and the growth of the foreshock waves related to the generation of foreshock cavitons. Previously, a multipoint spacecraft analysis method using Cluster data was applied to analyze only two foreshock cavitons, and this method did not consider uncertainties. In this study, multipoint spacecraft analysis methods, including the timing method, the minimum directional derivative(MDD) method, and the spatiotemporal difference(STD) method are applied to determine the velocity in both spacecraft and solar wind frames. The propagation properties show good agreement with previous results from simulations and observations that most cavitons move sunward in the solar wind frame, with the velocities larger than the Alfvén speed. The propagation properties of foreshock cavitons support the formation mechanism of cavitons in previous simulations, which suggested that cavitons are formed due to the nonlinear evolution of compressive ULF waves. We find that there is clear decreasing trend between the size of cavitons and their velocity in the solar wind frame. In addition, the timing method considering errors has been applied to study the evolution properties by comparing the velocities with errors of the leading and trailing edges, and we identify three stable cavitons and one contracting caviton, which has not been studied before.Most cavitons should remain stable when they travel toward the Earth's bow shock. The relationship between the size of foreshock cavitons and their distance from the bow shock is also discussed.     

利用HTTP的木马原理分析

针对防火墙存在的漏洞而设计的、利用HTTP协议通信的木马的问世,给目前网络的安全环境带来了新的隐患。本文深入分析了此种木马的通信原理,并提出了相关的解决方法。     

基于IPSEC的VPN实现及安全性分析

介绍了IPSec协议族的基本概念和各个重要组件,以及利用IPSec构建VPN的方法,并讨论了IPSec安全框架对安全威胁的解决。     

三峡航道三维可视化与分析系统的设计与实现

长江的安全航行,特别是三峡航道,是一项重要的系统工程。传统的二维电子河道地图对保证航行安全十分有效。但是,它不是可视的,许多复杂的分析在二维的环境下难以完成。因此,实现三维航道数字化和智能化对安全航行非常重要和迫切。为实现这一目的,介绍了以三维GIS为基础的三峡航道三维可视化与分析系统的整体框架。在此框架下,说明了从航道空间数据收集,储存,管理,处理,查询和分析到典型的航行应用技术的集成服务。详细讨论了一些关键技术,包括：多源数据源支持的航道生成技术,基于GIS和CAD的航道模型生产工艺,多源、多类型、多尺度数据的组织和管理技术,海量数据的三维动态可视化技术,二维与三维互演示与分析技术。基于这些理论与技术,开发了TEAVIS三维数字航道。介绍了一些基于这一系统的典型应用。     

矿用无钼镍耐磨蚀中铬合金钢衬板的研制与应用

针对矿山湿式球磨机的作业环境,新研制开发了一种无Mo、Ni耐磨蚀中铬合金钢衬板,HRC≥52,aK≥44J／cm2工业应用表明,筒体衬板使用寿命可保证在1．5年以上,端衬板和出料篦板使用寿命可保证在1年以上,实现了低成本、低消耗、高耐磨性,是替代高锰钢衬板的优良耐磨蚀钢材料。     

Room-temperature plasticity in diamond

In spite of extremely high strength and hardness, the property of brittleness is tightly linked to diamond. In the deformation of diamond at room temperature, the plasticity of the diamond is normally considered hard to occur because of the domination of catastrophic brittle fracture. Herein, we employed in-situ transmission electron microscopy to reveal the diamond roomtemperature plastic behavior, and compared it with a recent report(Adv. Mater. 2020, 1906458) on transformation-induced room-temperature plasticity of diamond nanopillars. Our present in-situ uniaxial compression tests in sub-micron-sized diamond pillars indicate that the plasticity in diamond is carried out by dislocations slipping instead of phase transformation and the initiation of plasticity highly depends on the stress state. On the other hand, we noted that a high proportion of amorphous surface layer in the diamond pillars with a diameter of less than 20 nm may be a significant factor leading to the plasticity.     

Analysis of magnetotail flux rope events by ARTEMIS observations

Three earthward flowing magnetic flux ropes observed in the duskside plasma sheet at geocentric solar magnetospheric coordinate X~–55 Re by P1 and P2 of acceleration,reconnection,turbulence and electrodynamics of moon’s interaction with the sun mission during 13:00–15:00 UT on July 3,2012,were studied.The morphologies of the flux ropes were studied in detail based on Grad-Shfranov reconstruction method and electronic pitch angle distribution data.It is found that(1)the flux rope cross-sectional dimensions are 1.0 Re×0.78 Re,1.3 Re×0.78 Re,and 2.5 Re×1.25 Re,respectively.The magnetic field lines were asymmetric about the center with field line compression on both sides of the current sheet at the leading region;(2)the electron energy flux data presented asymmetry with larger electron flux and lower temperature in the precursor region.The flux ropes were blocked by the resistance of compressed particle density in the front central plasma sheet and the enhanced magnetic field on its sides;and(3)it is found that the flux rope has a layered structure.From inside out,event 1 can be divided into three regions,namely electronic depletion core region,closed field line region,and the caudal area possible with fields connected with the ionosphere.It suggests that the flux ropes cannot merge with the tail magnetic field lines near the lunar orbit.Especially,the flux rope asymmetrical shape reflects the different reconnection processes that caused it on both sides of the magnetic structure.The events shown in this paper support the multiple X-line magnetic reconnection model for flux ropes with in situ observations.