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1.
Rock joints infilled with sediments can strongly influence the strength of rock mass. As infilled joints often exist under unsaturated condition, this study investigated the influence of matric suction of infill on the overall joint shear strength. A novel technique that allows direct measurement of matric suction of infill using high capacity tensiometers (HCTs) during direct shear of infilled joints under constant normal stiffness (CNS) is described. The CNS apparatus was modified to accommodate the HCT and the procedure is explained in detail. Joint specimens were simulated by gypsum plaster using three-dimensional (3D) printed surface moulds, and filled with kaolin and sand mixture prepared at different water contents. Shear behaviours of both planar infilled joints and rough joints having joint roughness coefficients (JRCs) of 8–10 and 18–20 with the ratios of infill thickness to asperity height (t/a) equal to 0.5 were investigated. Matric suction shows predominantly unimodal behaviour during shearing of both planar and rough joints, which is closely associated with the variation of unloading rate and volumetric changes of the infill material. As expected, two-peak behaviour was observed for the rough joints and both peaks increased with the increase of infill matric suction. The results suggest that the contribution of matric suction of infill on the joint peak normalised shear stress is relatively independent of the joint roughness. 相似文献
2.
In this study, the extent of the smear zone and the reduction of permeability and water content within the smear zone were investigated using a large-scale consolidometer. The installation of vertical drains by means of a mandrel causes significant disturbance of the subsoil surrounding the mandrel, resulting in a smear zone. The extent of the smear zone for Moruya clay (New South Wales, Australia) was estimated on the basis of normalized permeability and the reduction of water content by taking undisturbed samples (horizontally and vertically) at different locations. This study reveals that a significant reduction in water content and horizontal permeability takes place towards the drain, whereas the variation in the vertical permeability is negligible. The smear zone for Moruya clay was found to be 2.5 times the equivalent radius of the mandrel with the horizontal permeability varying from 1.09 to 1.64, an average of 1.34 times smaller than that of the undisturbed zone. Finally, a correlation between the permeability decrease and water content reduction within smear zone is proposed. 相似文献
3.
Rohan Walker Buddhima Indraratna Nagaratnam Sivakugan 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,135(5):657-663
A new, easy to implement, solution to the consolidation of multilayered soil based on the spectral method is presented. Combined vertical and radial drainage under instantaneous or single ramp loading is considered, ignoring well resistance. Flow in the vertical direction is based on the average hydraulic gradient at a particular depth which allows smear effects to be included. The excess pore-water pressure profile across all soil layers is described by a single expression calculated with common matrix operations. Average excess pore pressures within or across any number of layers are easily calculated from the single expression. The new model is verified against other solutions from the current literature indicating that the more general spectral method model can replace the separate solutions developed for specific problems. 相似文献
4.
Field Assessment of the Performance of a Ballasted Rail Track with and without Geosynthetics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Buddhima Indraratna Sanjay Nimbalkar David Christie Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn Jayan Vinod 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2010,136(7):907-917
Understanding the complex mechanisms of stress transfer and strain accumulation in layers of track substructure under repeated wheel loading is essential to predict the desirable track maintenance cycle as well as the design of the new track. Various finite element and analytical techniques have been developed in the past to understand the behavior of composite track layers subjected to repeated wheel loads. The mechanical behavior of ballast is influenced by several factors, including the track confining pressure, type of aggregates, and the number of loading cycles. A field trial was conducted on an instrumented track at Bulli, New South Wales, Australia, with the specific aims of studying the benefits of a geocomposite installed at the ballast-capping interface, and to evaluate the performance of moderately graded recycled ballast in comparison to traditionally very uniform fresh ballast. It was found that recycled ballast can be effectively reused if reinforced with a geocomposite. It was also found that geocomposite can effectively reduce vertical and lateral strains of the ballast with obvious implications for improved track stability and reduced maintenance costs. 相似文献
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6.
In this technical note, the concept of constriction size in design is highlighted while elucidating some of the limitations of current professional guidelines that are only based on particle size ratios. The implications of the controlling constriction size, Dc35, and the self-filtering constriction size, Dc95, are elaborated on; Dc35=constriction size whereby 35% of the filter constrictions are finer than this, and Dc95=constriction size whereby 95% of the filter constrictions are finer than this. Combining the salient findings of two recent papers by Indraratna et al. in 2007 and Indraratna and Raut in 2006, a further refinement for filter design, i.e., Dc35/d85* ? 1, is introduced here based on the self-filtering base fraction and controlling constriction size of the filter, where the specific parameter d85*=value of d85 of the base soil grading curve modified by the self-filtering constriction size, Dc95. The proposed criterion is verified using several large-scale tests carried out at the University of Wollongong and numerous test data available in the literature. 相似文献
7.
2D and 3D Numerical Modeling of Combined Surcharge and Vacuum Preloading with Vertical Drains 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn Buddhima Indraratna Jian Chu 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2008,8(2):144-156
This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical analysis of a case study of a combined vacuum and surcharge preloading project for a storage yard at Tianjin Port, China. At this site, a vacuum pressure of 80?kPa and a fill surcharge of 50?kPa were applied on top of the 20-m-thick soft soil layer through prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) to achieve the desired settlements and to avoid embankment instability. In 3D analysis, the actual shape of PVDs and their installation pattern with the in situ soil parameters were simulated. In contrast, the validity of 2D plane strain analysis using equivalent permeability and transformed unit cell geometry was examined. In both cases, the vacuum pressure along the drain length was assumed to be constant as substantiated by the field observations. The finite-element code, ABAQUS, using the modified Cam-clay model was used in the numerical analysis. The predictions of settlement, pore-water pressure, and lateral displacement were compared with the available field data, and an acceptable agreement was achieved for both 2D and 3D numerical analyses. It is found that both 3D and equivalent 2D analyses give similar consolidation responses at the vertical cross section where the lateral strain along the longitudinal axis is zero. The influence of vacuum may extend more than 10?m from the embankment toe, where the lateral movement should be monitored carefully during the consolidation period to avoid any damage to adjacent structures. 相似文献
8.
Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Consolidation by Vertical Drain beneath a Circular Embankment 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Buddhima Indraratna Ala Aljorany Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2008,8(3):199-206
In the analysis of axisymmetric problems, it is often imperative that aspects of geometry, material properties, and loading characteristics are either maintained as constants or represented by continuous functions in the circumferential direction. In the case of radial consolidation beneath a circular embankment by vertical drains (i.e., circular oil tanks or silos), the discrete system of vertical drains can be substituted by continuous concentric rings of equivalent drain walls. An equivalent value for the coefficient of permeability of the soil is obtained by matching the degree of consolidation of a unit cell model. A rigorous solution to the continuity equation of radial drainage towards cylindrical drain walls is presented and verified by comparing its results with the existing unit cell model. The proposed model is then adopted to analyze the consolidation process by vertical drains at the Sk?-Edeby circular test embankment (Area II). The calculated values of settlement, lateral displacement, and excess pore-water pressure indicate good agreement with the field measurements. 相似文献
9.
Deepankar Choudhury Rajeev Kumar Bharti Siddharth Chauhan Buddhima Indraratna 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2008,134(10):1558-1563
For an efficient and economical design of a railway track system, it is necessary to understand the behavior of each track component with special reference to ballast and subgrade, which play a pivotal role in distributing the large, cyclic wheel loads longitudinally, laterally, and vertically away from the wheel contact area on the rail surface to the underlying soil strata. This paper presents an analytical model of a track-ballast-subgrade system with different formation soils such as dense uniform sand, stiff clay, loose sand, and soft clay modeled by using a mass-spring dashpot system with two degrees of freedom. This represents the varying energy distribution through ballast and subgrade in the vertical direction. Results are presented in the form of time-displacement response profiles for both the ballast and subgrade layers. In addition, the magnification factors for displacements with variation in subgrade soils for cyclic loading frequencies are reported. It is observed that the results obtained from the present analysis follow the experimentally observed trends already available in the literature. 相似文献
10.
Laricar Dominic O. Trani Buddhima Indraratna 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2010,136(10):1469-1474
Gravimetric and volumetric sampling techniques are reliable for the measurement of porosity in fully saturated granular filters. However, both methods require a significant effort to gather and prepare samples, are time intensive to process, and do not capture real-time changes. Portable impedance probes serve as a valuable alternative to these destructive and laborious sampling methods. These probes measure the dielectric properties of the soil-water mixtures from which the porosity of filters may be inferred. This study demonstrates that generalized calibrations can result in large errors for porosity estimation when using diverse and small-scale filter types. By comparing with gravimetric and volumetric based porosity measurements for saturated granular filter porosity, impedance probes with filter-specific calibration offer the reliability and confidence owing to its reduced error in a quick, nondestructive fashion. This paper also presents the results of a laboratory investigation using an impedance probe to monitor real-time changes in the porosity of saturated granular filters subjected to cyclic train loading. 相似文献