唑螨酯的毒性及研究进展

唑螨酯是一种高效、广谱、非内吸性的苯氧基吡唑类杀螨剂,广泛用于果蔬害螨防治。但近年来因为不合理使用导致残留及安全性问题。笔者综述了唑螨酯的应用、残留、代谢降解及毒性研究进展,以期对后续研究提供参考。     

Comparative topographic study of surface micro‐relief of primary martensite plates in shape memory alloys with different crystalline structures

The surface micro‐reliefs of primary martensite plates, representative for two shape memory alloys (SMAs) with different crystalline structures were compared from qualitative and quantitative point of view by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Qualitative evaluations revealed larger widths and heights of the primary plates of ε hexagonal close packed (hcp) martensite, in an Fe‐Mn‐Si‐Cr‐Ni SMA than those of β₂′ orthorhombic (9R) martensite, in a Cu‐Zn‐Al SMA. Quantitative evaluations were based on systematic dimensional measurements of the width and height of primary plate profiles. The measurements were performed on one hundred and twenty five profiles, five on each martensite plate belonging to five typical groups of primary plates, with length above 50 micrometers, of both ε hcp and β₂′ 9R martensites. In order to compare the topographies of the two types of plates a statistical evaluation of the dimensional intervals of width and height of measured plates was performed.     

Cooling rate effects on the structure and transformation behavior of Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys

Different fragments of a hot-rolled and homogenized Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloy（SMA） were subjected to thermal cycling by means of a differential scanning calorimetric（DSC） device. During thermal cycling, heating was performed at the same constant rate of increasing temperature while cooling was carried out at different rates of decreasing temperature. For each cooling rate, the temperature decreased in the same thermal interval. During each cooling stage, an exothermic peak（maximum） was observed on the DSC thermogram. This peak was associated with forward martensitic transformation. The DSC thermograms were analyzed with PROTEUS software： the critical martensitic transformation start（Ms） and finish（Mf） temperatures were determined by means of integral and tangent methods, and the dissipated heat was evaluated by the area between the corresponding maximum plot and a sigmoid baseline. The effects of the increase in cooling rate, assessed from a calorimetric viewpoint, consisted in the augmentation of the exothermic peak and the delay of direct martensitic transformation. The latter had the tendency to move to lower critical transformation temperatures. The martensite plates changed in morphology by becoming more oriented and by an augmenting in surface relief, which corresponded with the increase in cooling rate as observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and atomic force microscopy（AFM）.     

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我国首次用丛式井钻井技术开发大民屯油田,获得了显著的经济效益。一个陆地平台最多钻成17口定向井。丛式井是以整体开发断块油田复式油气藏的总体规划而设计的。它的实施具有钻井为勘探开发服务的战略意义。     

喹啉铜在柑橘中的储藏稳定性、消解动态及膳食暴露风险评估

评估喹啉铜在柑橘中的储藏稳定性、消解动态及膳食暴露风险。在海南、江西两地开展喹啉铜在柑橘中的田间残留试验；利用高效液相色谱法测定柑橘果实样品中的残留量，外标法定量，评估储藏稳定性、残留消解动态和膳食暴露风险。结果表明，柑橘全果样品在?20 ℃储藏180 d，喹啉铜降解率低于10%。喹啉铜在柑橘全果中的消解速率符合一级动力学方程，半衰期为10.2~15.1 d。慢性膳食暴露风险评估结果显示，我国不同年龄段人群喹啉铜的估算每日摄入量为0.0891~1.4584 μg/kg·bw，膳食暴露风险为0.45%~7.29%。喹啉铜在柑橘全果中至少稳定储藏180 d；喹啉铜在柑橘中易降解；在柑橘上规范使用33.5%喹啉铜悬浮剂防治溃疡病，喹啉铜的慢性膳食暴露风险在可接受范围内。     

硫铁矿渣的固体废物属性特征表征

硫铁矿渣是我国禁止进口的固体废物,由于其外观和元素组成与赤铁矿极其相似,需准确对其属性进行鉴别。实验利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、体积密度分析和pH检测手段等对样品特征进行综合表征。与赤铁矿相比,硫铁矿渣的特征主要表现在以下几个方面:主要元素为Fe、Si、Al、S,S含量比一般赤铁矿高;主要物相为赤铁矿(Fe₂O₃)、磁铁矿(Fe₃O₄)、二氧化硅(SiO₂),少量黄铁矿(FeS₂),同时还有少量水合硫酸钙(Ca(SO₄)(H₂O)_0.5)、石膏(CaSO₄·2H₂O)等硫酸盐物相,石膏等硫酸盐是赤铁矿中不常见的矿物种类;扫描电镜及能谱分析发现样品含有很多主要成分是Fe₂O₃的球状颗粒,颗粒很细,常见结团;水浸出液的pH值为4,呈弱酸性;体积密度小于1.60 t/m³。通过以上特征,能够对硫铁矿渣的固废属性进行准确鉴别。     

Loading Mode and Environment Effects on Surface Profile Characteristics of Martensite Plates in Cu-Based SMAs

The present work reports the influence of the loading mode provided during training under constant stress, in bending, applied to lamellar specimens of Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys (SMAs). During training, the specimens were bent by a load fastened at their free end, while being martensitic at room temperature and they lifted the load by one-way effect (1WE), during heating up to austenitic field. On cooling to martensite field, the lower concave surface of bent specimens was compressed, and during heating it was elongated, being subjected to a series of tension-compression cycles, during heating-cooling, respectively. Conversely, the upper convex surface of bent specimens was elongated during cooling and compressed during heating, being subjected to compression-tension cycles. Furthermore, 2WE-trained actuators were tested by means of a hydraulic installation where, this time heating-cooling cycles were performed in oil conditions. Considering that the lower concave surface of the specimens was kept in compressed state, while the upper convex surface was kept in elongated state, the study reveals the influence of the two loading modes and environments on the width of martensite plates of the specimens trained under various numbers of cycles. In this purpose, Cu-Zn-Al specimens, trained under 100-300-500 cycles, were prepared and analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as optical and scanning electron microscopy (OM and SEM, respectively). The analysis also included AFM micrographs corroborated with statistical evaluations in order to reveal the effects of loading mode (tension or compression) in different environmental conditions of the specimens, on the surface profile characteristics of martensite plates, revealed by electropolishing.     

Effects of hot working procedure on surface relief characteristic in an Fe–Mn–Si–Cr shape memory alloy

The paper reports the evolution of surface relief and shape memory behavior in an Fe–28Mn–6Si–5Cr (mass%) shape memory alloy (SMA) as a function of the applied hot working procedure. The objective of this paper is to discuss the relationship between surface relief characteristic, structural changes and the type of hot working processing. Particular aspects concerning the relief of martensite plates were reported after the alloy was subjected to two types of hot working procedures, namely hot rolling and hot forging at 1273 K. The observations were performed by means of optical (OM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy, on bi‐dimensional and three‐dimensional micrographs, corroborated with statistical evaluations. Aiming to reveal the presence of solid phase transitions enabled by hot working, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed between room temperature and 673 K.