Integrated energy-oriented cruising control of electric vehicle on highway with varying slopes considering battery aging

Eco-driving strategies for vehicles with conventional powertrains have been studied for years and attempt to reduce fuel consumption by optimizing the driving velocity profile. For electric vehicles(EVs) with regenerative braking, the speed profile with the best energy efficiency should be different from conventional vehicles. This paper proposes an energy-oriented cruising control strategy for EVs with a hierarchical structure to realize eco-cruising on highways with varying slopes. The upper layer plans the energy-optimized vehicle velocity, and the lower layer calculates the torque allocation between the front and rear axles.However, the resulting speed profile with varying velocity may cause a high charge and discharge rate of the battery, resulting in rapid battery fading. To extend the battery life, we make a tradeoff between the energy consumption and wear of the battery by formulating an optimal control problem, where driving comfort and travel time are also considered. An indirect optimal control method is implemented to derive the optimal control rule. As an extension, the control rule for avoiding rear-end collisions is presented and simulated for driving in the real world.     

加氢反应器分配器的数值模拟

应用计算流体力学CFX软件对加氢反应器中联合油(Union Oil)公司的单个分配器的流场用标准k-ε方程进行了模拟,对计算结果的分析以及与型式试验结果的分析对比表明,CFX能较准确地模拟分配器气液分配时的流场。CFX可用于指导反应器内构件的研究、开发和设计。     

Antibacterial surfaces: Strategies and applications

Science China Technological Sciences - Antibacterial surfaces are surfaces that can resist bacteria, relying on the nature of the material itself. It is significant for safe food and water, human...