The iron ore industries of India are expected to bring new technologies to cater to the need of the tremendous increase in demand for quality ores for steel making. With the high-grade ores depleting very fast, the focus is on the beneficiation of low-grade resources. However, most of these ores do not respond well to the conventional beneficiation techniques used to achieve a suitable concentrate for steel and other metallurgical industries. The present communication discusses the beneficiation practices in the Indian context and the recent developments in alternative processing technologies such as reduction roasting, microwave-assisted heating, magnetic carrier technology and bio-beneficiation. Besides, the use of new collectors in iron ore flotation is also highlighted. 相似文献
This paper proposes an online inverse-forward adaptive scheme with a KSOM based hint generator for solving the inverse kinematic problem of a redundant manipulator. In this approach, a feed-forward network such as a radial basis function (RBF) network is used to learn the forward kinematic map of the redundant manipulator. This network is inverted using an inverse-forward adaptive scheme until the network inversion solution guides the manipulator end-effector to reach a given target position with a specified accuracy. The positioning accuracy, attainable by a conventional network inversion scheme, depends on the approximation error present in the forward model. But, an accurate forward map would require a very large size of training data as well as network architecture. The proposed inverse-forward adaptive scheme effectively approximates the forward map around the joint angle vector provided by a hint generator. Thus the inverse kinematic solution obtained using the network inversion approach can take the end-effector to the target position within any arbitrary accuracy.In order to satisfy the joint angle constraints, it is necessary to provide the network inversion algorithm with an initial hint for the joint angle vector. Since a redundant manipulator can reach a given target end-effector position through several joint angle vectors, it is desirable that the hint generator is capable of providing multiple hints. This problem has been addressed by using a Kohonen self organizing map based sub-clustering (KSOM-SC) network architecture. The redundancy resolution process involves selecting a suitable joint angle configuration based on different task related criteria.The simulations and experiments are carried out on a 7 DOF PowerCube? manipulator. It is shown that one can obtain a positioning accuracy of 1 mm without violating joint angle constraints even when the forward approximation error is as large as 4 cm. An obstacle avoidance problem has also been solved to demonstrate the redundancy resolution process with the proposed scheme. 相似文献
The article presents the reduction roasting followed by low intensity magnetic separation studies of a low grade Mn ore assaying 27.7% Mn and 26.1% Fe in order to obtain a Mn rich non-magnetic concentrate. The reflected light microscopic studies followed by the liberation studies of the as-received sample using quantitative mineralogical evaluation by scanning electron microscope suggested a poor liberation pattern of the constituent Mn and Fe minerals owing to a complex association of the different phases present. The reduction roasting studies carried out while varying different process parameters such as ore particle size, temperature, reductant content and residence time ended up with products containing 45–48% Mn with a Mn/Fe ratio of 5–6 at a yield of ~ 60% with the optimum level of conditions such as temperature: 800–850 °C, time: 90–120 min and charcoal: 10–12%. The scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies of the roasted product reported manganite as the major Mn bearing phase while magnetite was found to be the major iron bearing phase. 相似文献
This paper deals with real-time implementation of visual-motor control of a 7 degree of freedom (DOF) robot manipulator using
self-organized map (SOM) based learning approach. The robot manipulator considered here is a 7 DOF PowerCube manipulator from
Amtec Robotics. The primary objective is to reach a target point in the task space using only a single step movement from
any arbitrary initial configuration of the robot manipulator. A new clustering algorithm using Kohonen SOM lattice has been
proposed that maintains the fidelity of training data. Two different approaches have been proposed to find an inverse kinematic
solution without using any orientation feedback. In the first approach, the inverse Jacobian matrices are learnt from the
training data using function decomposition. It is shown that function decomposition leads to significant improvement in accuracy
of inverse kinematic solution. In the second approach, a concept called sub-clustering in configuration space is suggested
to provide multiple solutions for the inverse kinematic problem. Redundancy is resolved at position level using several criteria.
A redundant manipulator is dexterous owing to the availability of multiple configurations for a given end-effector position.
However, existing visual motor coordination schemes provide only one inverse kinematic solution for every target position
even when the manipulator is kinematically redundant. Thus, the second approach provides a learning architecture that can
capture redundancy from the training data. The training data are generated using explicit kinematic model of the combined
robot manipulator and camera configuration. The training is carried out off-line and the trained network is used on-line to
compute the joint angle vector to reach a target position in a single step only. The accuracy attained is better than the
current state of art. 相似文献
The rapidly emerging wireless service requirements and deployment demands over last few decades necessitates the application of Mobile Ad hoc Networks in many areas. These application areas vary from social networks to safety-critical domains such as environmental monitoring, disaster rescue operations, military communications, etc. The potency of the ad hoc network deployment in a specific context is significantly affected by the underlying routing protocol. Hence, developing an efficient and secure routing protocol for MANETs is an important task in order to achieve the service level requirements and to satisfy the deployment demands effectively. However, development of such routing protocol is a challenging problem due to the inherent characteristics of ad hoc networks: frequent topology changes, open wireless medium, and limited resource constraints, etc. In addition, the stringent requirements: mobility, performance, security, trust and timing constraints, etc. add complexity to this problem. In this paper, we present an adaptive routing protocol for MANETs, which dynamically configures the routing function with respect to the metrics: (1) the varying requirement parameters and (2) the contextual features as per the desired application context. The requirement models include various performance, security, and functional parameters. On the other hand, the contextual features include mobility of nodes/groups of nodes, nodes’ trust values, resource constraints of nodes, geographical context, roles of individual nodes etc. Our routing protocol is evaluated with extensive simulation test cases and the efficacy of the protocol is reported.
Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals - The feasibility of producing direct reduced iron from pellets made up of mill scale by utilizing coal as a reductant has been investigated. The... 相似文献
Grasses are considered to be potential lignocellulosic feedstock for renewable and sustainable biofuels such as bioethanol. However, the process involved, ie, pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation in conversion of these lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, remains expensive and at present is not affordable for industrial production. Thus, the present review assesses the influence of the recent technologies that can be employed for the bio‐refinery based pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of grass biomass using advanced bioreactors. Since plant extracts have been seen to enhance the glucose uptake, an experiment was implemented to elucidate the role of plant extracts (bark extracts of Xylocarpus granatum) on glucose uptake capacity of microorganisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia sp., and Zymomonas mobilis and their subsequent ethanol production capability from glucose and xylose sugars. The results of these experiments indicated that supplementation of plant extracts promoted both glucose and xylose uptake in S. cerevisiae and Pichia sp. as compared with the control and Z. mobilis strain. Further, as Pichia sp. exhibited good uptake ability for both glucose and xylose, a model was proposed focusing on the gene silencing and operon concept in Pichia sp. for preferential pentose utilization during the fermentation of grass biomass to bioethanol. 相似文献