Garzan oil field is located at the south east of Turkey. It is a mature oil field and the reservoir is fractured carbonate reservoir. After producing about 1% original oil in place (OOIP) reservoir pressure started to decline. Waterflooding was started in order to support reservoir pressure and also to enhance oil production in 1960. Waterflooding improved the oil recovery but after years of flooding water breakthrough at the production wells was observed. This increased the water/oil ratio at the production wells. In order to enhance oil recovery again different techniques were investigated. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are gaining attention all over the world for oil recovery. Surfactant injection is an effective way for interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability reversal. In this study, 31 different types of chemicals were studied to specify the effects on oil production. This paper presents solubility of surfactants in brine, IFT and contact angle measurements, imbibition tests, and lastly core flooding experiments. Most of the chemicals were incompatible with Garzan formation water, which has high divalent ion concentration. In this case, the usage of 2-propanol as co-surfactant yielded successful results for stability of the selected chemical solutions. The results of the wettability test indicated that both tested cationic and anionic surfactants altered the wettability of the carbonate rock from oil-wet to intermediate-wet. The maximum oil recovery by imbibition test was reached when core was exposed 1-ethly ionic liquid after imbibition in formation water. Also, after core flooding test, it is concluded that considerable amount of oil can be recovered from Garzan reservoir by waterflooding alone if adverse effects of natural fractures could be eliminated. 相似文献
This paper analyses the contribution of age and cohort effects on home-ownership and housing wealth in Turkey. I construct a pseudo-panel data set based on birth-year cohorts by using sixteen waves of the Turkish Statistical Institute Household Budget Surveys from 2003 to 2018. The empirical analysis reveals that young cohorts are less likely to own their homes, but they are more likely to have outstanding housing debt. Moreover, they are as willing to invest in second homes as older cohorts. I estimate a Heckman two-step selection model to distinguish the contribution of the improvement in the quality of new buildings to home values. As a result, I find that cohort effects on home values are significantly larger for young households even after controlling for age effects and the improvement in the quality of new buildings. Thus, the empirical findings show that young cohorts have a stronger housing demand than old cohorts.
In this paper a new filter, Triangular Interpolant Based Impulsive Noise Suppression Filter (SF), is proposed to restore images corrupted by fixed valued impulsive noise (IN). The proposed filter comprises two main stages: detection of noise and restoration of corrupted pixels. The SF achieves the restoration of the detected noisy pixels by using one of the Triangular Interpolant techniques and leaves the other pixels unaltered. Simulation results reveal that the proposed filter shows better performance than the highly approved IN suppression filters across a wide noise density ranging from 10% to 90%. The proposed filter also perfectly achieves the robustness anddetail preservation with reduced computational complexity. 相似文献
随着半导体技术的不断发展,MOSFET(metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor)的特征尺寸不断缩小,栅介质等效氧化物厚度已小至nm数量级。这时电子的直接隧穿效应将非常显著,将严重影响器件的稳定性和可靠性。因此需要寻找新型高k介质材料,能够在保持和增大栅极电容的同时,使介质层仍保持足够的物理厚度来限制隧穿效应的影响。本文综述了研究高k栅介质材料的意义;MOS栅介质的要求;主要新型高k栅介质材料的最新研究动态;展望了高k介质材料今后发展的主要趋势和需要解决的问题。 相似文献
A study is made of boron removal from Kizildere/Turkey geothermal waste water using the boron selective resin Amberlite IRA 743. The resin in salt form has no boron removal capacity if the solution is unable to neutralize the released acid during the exhaustion period. In the case of Kizildere waste water, with a pH value of 8.9 and high HCO3− content, single stage regeneration is feasible and the exhausted resin can be regenerated economically. According to a preliminary estimate, the electricity production cost would rise by 1 ¢/kWh. 相似文献
Hydrogenolysis of a carbobenzyloxy group (CBz) was studied utilizing molecular hydrogen in the presence of carbon-supported palladium catalyst. It was demonstrated that the kinetics of the reaction are greatly influenced by the presence of the CO2 by-product. It was found out that the presence of CO2 determines whether the reaction is first or zero order since it causes deactivation of the catalyst via inhibition. The effect of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and triethylamine (TEA) as additives was investigated. A considerable solvent effect was also observed that may be explained by the variation of dispersion of the catalyst from one solvent to another. 相似文献