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1.
Pharmacodynamic Comparison of a Nasal Formulation of Verapamil and Intravenous and Oral Dosage Forms
The nasal route has been shown to be effective for the administration of numerous drugs in order to improve drug bioavailability. A nasal gel of verapamil hydrochloride was formulated and evaluated pharmacodynamically in humans, using electrocardiographic results, with comparison to oral and IV routes. Seven volunteers were involved in the study and the pharmacodynamic parameters were evaluated statistically. Experimental nasal gel showed similar pharmacodynamic results with the intravenous route, which is a hint to the reduction in verapamilinduced first-pass metabolism. However, oral route of administration showed a tendency of less efficacy. No reasonable effect of verapamil could be obtained with the placebo group. 相似文献
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Graft copolymers of sodium alginate (NaAlg) with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone were prepared using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The graft copolymers (NaAlg‐g‐PVP) were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Polymeric hydrogel beads of NaAlg and NaAlg‐g‐PVP were prepared by crosslinking method using glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinker in the hydrochloric acid catalyst (HCl) and these beads were used to deliver anti‐inflammatory drug, indomethacin (IM). Chemical stability of the IM after encapsulation into beads was confirmed by FTIR. Preparation conditions of the NaAlg‐g‐PVP beads were optimized by considering the percentage entrapment efficiency, particle size, swelling capacity and their release data. In vitro release studies were performed in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) for the initial 2 h, followed by simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) for 4 h. Effects of GA concentration, exposure time to GA, drug/polymer (d/p) ratio, and concentration of HCl on the release of IM were discussed. It was observed that IM release from the beads decreased with increasing GA concentration and exposure time. IM release also decreases with increasing d/p ratio and HCl concentration. The highest IM release was obtained to be 77% for beads crosslinked with 0.027M GA. Swelling experiments were also performed to compute molecular mass between crosslinks of the beads. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
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We introduce a probability model for populations of cells and viruses that interact in the presence of an anti-viral agent. Cells can be infected by viruses, and their longevity and ability to avoid infection are modified if they survive successive attacks by viruses. Viruses that survive the effect of the anti-viral agent may find that their ability to survive a future encounter with molecules of the anti-viral agent is modified, as is their ability to infect a healthy cell. Additionally, we assume that the anti-viral agents can be a cocktail with different proportions of agents that target different strains of the virus. In this paper, we give the state equations for the model and derive its analytical solution in steady state. The solution then provides insight into the appropriate mix or “cocktail” of anti-viral agents that can be designed to deal with the virus' ability to mutate. In particular, the analysis shows that the concentration of anti-viral agent by itself does not suffice to ultimately control the infection, and that it is important to dose a mix of anti-viral agents so as to target each strain of virus in a specific manner, taking into account the ability of each virus strain to survive in the presence of the anti-viral agents. Models of this kind may eventually lead to the computer aided design of therapeutic protocols or drug design. 相似文献
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The Journal of Supercomputing - In recent years, deep artificial neural networks can have better forecasting performance than many other artificial neural networks. The long short-term memory... 相似文献
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Cagdas Hakan Aladag Ufuk Yolcu Erol Egrioglu Ali Z. Dalar 《Applied Soft Computing》2012,12(10):3291-3299
In the analysis of time invariant fuzzy time series, fuzzy logic group relationships tables have been generally preferred for determination of fuzzy logic relationships. The reason of this is that it is not need to perform complex matrix operations when these tables are used. On the other hand, when fuzzy logic group relationships tables are exploited, membership values of fuzzy sets are ignored. Thus, in defiance of fuzzy set theory, fuzzy sets’ elements with the highest membership value are only considered. This situation causes information loss and decrease in the explanation power of the model. To deal with these problems, a novel time invariant fuzzy time series forecasting approach is proposed in this study. In the proposed method, membership values in the fuzzy relationship matrix are computed by using particle swarm optimization technique. The method suggested in this study is the first method proposed in the literature in which particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to determine fuzzy relations. In addition, in order to increase forecasting accuracy and make the proposed approach more systematic, the fuzzy c-means clustering method is used for fuzzification of time series in the proposed method. The proposed method is applied to well-known time series to show the forecasting performance of the method. These time series are also analyzed by using some other forecasting methods available in the literature. Then, the results obtained from the proposed method are compared to those produced by the other methods. It is observed that the proposed method gives the most accurate forecasts. 相似文献
7.
Fuzzy time series approaches are used when observations of time series contain uncertainty. Moreover, these approaches do not require the assumptions needed for traditional time series approaches. Generally, fuzzy time series methods consist of three stages, namely, fuzzification, determination of fuzzy relations, and defuzzification. Artificial intelligence algorithms are frequently used in these stages with genetic algorithms being the most popular of these algorithms owing to their rich operators and good performance. However, the mutation operator of a GA may cause some negative results in the solution set. Thus, we propose a modified genetic algorithm to find optimal interval lengths and control the effects of the mutation operator. The results of applying our new approach to real datasets show superior forecasting performance when compared with those obtained by other techniques. 相似文献
8.
Multilayer perceptron has been widely used in time series forecasting for last two decades. However, it is a well-known fact that the forecasting performance of multilayer perceptron is negatively affected when data have outliers and this is an important problem. In recent years, some alternative neuron models such as generalized-mean neuron, geometric mean neuron, and single multiplicative neuron have been also proposed in the literature. However, it is expected that forecasting performance of artificial neural network approaches based on these neuron models can be also negatively affected by outliers since the aggregation function employed in these models is based on mean value. In this study, a new multilayer feed forward neural network, which is called median neuron model multilayer feed forward (MNM-MFF) model, is proposed in order to deal with this problem caused by outliers and to reach high accuracy level. In the proposed model, unlike other models suggested in the literature, MNM which has median-based aggregation function is employed. MNM is also firstly defined in this study. MNM-MFF is a robust neural network method since aggregation functions in MNM-MFF are based on median, which is not affected much by outliers. In addition, to train MNM-MFF model, particle swarm optimization method was utilized. MNM-MFF was applied to two well-known time series in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. As a result of the implementation, it was observed that the proposed MNM-MFF model has high forecasting accuracy and it is not affected by outlier as much as multilayer perceptron model. Proposed method brings improvement in 7 % for data without outlier, in 90 % for data with outlier, in 95 % for data with bigger outlier. 相似文献
9.
E brahim Mahdipour Amir Masoud Rahmani Saeed Setayeshi 《International journal of systems science》2014,45(3):373-383
Importance sampling is a technique that is commonly used to speed up Monte Carlo simulation of rare events. However, little is known regarding the design of efficient importance sampling algorithms in the context of queueing networks. The standard approach, which simulates the system using an a priori fixed change of measure suggested by large deviation analysis, has been shown to fail in even the simplest network settings. Estimating probabilities associated with rare events has been a topic of great importance in queueing theory, and in applied probability at large. In this article, we analyse the performance of an importance sampling estimator for a rare event probability in a Jackson network. This article carries out strict deadlines to a two-node Jackson network with feedback whose arrival and service rates are modulated by an exogenous finite state Markov process. We have estimated the probability of network blocking for various sets of parameters, and also the probability of missing the deadline of customers for different loads and deadlines. We have finally shown that the probability of total population overflow may be affected by various deadline values, service rates and arrival rates. 相似文献
10.
The effects of loading rate, fiber sizing, test temperature and global strain level on the adhesion strength between carbon fibers and a thermosetting epoxy (Epon 815) are studied using the single fiber fragmentation test procedure. Analytical methodology describing the viscoelastic behavior observed is also presented. The possibility of rate-temperature-interphase thickness superposition for the interfacial strength function is illustrated based on the analytical models discussed. Experimental data are discussed using Weibull statistics and also presented in the form of percent relative frequency histograms for the fiber fragments in a collective fashion. The use of histograms allows for interpretation of the skewness in the data population. 相似文献