Beneficial effects of wettability altering surfactants in oil-wet fractured reservoirs

In fractured reservoirs, an effective matrix-fracture mass transfer is required for oil recovery. Surfactants have long been considered for oil recovery enhancement, mainly in terms of their ability to reduce oil–water interfacial tension. These surfactants are effective when the fractured formations are water-wet, where capillary imbibition of surfactants from the fracture into the matrix contributes to oil recovery. However, another beneficial aspect of surfactants, namely their ability to alter wettability, remains to be explored and exploited. Surfactants capable of altering wettability can be especially beneficial in oil-wet fractured formations, where the surfactant in the fracture diffuses into the matrix and alters the wettability, enabling imbibition of even more surfactant into the matrix. This sequential process of initial diffusion followed by imbibition continues well into the matrix yielding significant enhancements in oil recovery.In order to test this hypothesis of sequential diffusion–imbibition phenomenon, Dual-Drop Dual-Crystal (DDDC) contact angle experiments have been conducted using fractured Yates dolomite reservoir fluids, two types of surfactants (nonionic and anionic) and dolomite rock substrates. A new experimental procedure was developed in which crude oil equilibrated with reservoir brine has been exposed to surfactant to simulate the matrix-fracture interactions in fractured reservoirs. This procedure enables the measurements of dynamic contact angles and oil–water interfacial tensions, in addition to providing the visual observations of the dynamic behavior of crude oil trapped in the rock matrix as it encounters the diffusing surfactant from the fractures. Both the measurements and visual observations indicate wettability alterations of the matrix surface from oil-wet to less oil-wet or intermediate wet by the surfactants. Thus this study is of practical importance to oil-wet fractured formations where surfactant-induced wettability alterations can result in significant oil recovery enhancements. In addition, this study has also identified the need to include contact angle term in the dimensionless Bond number formulations for better quantitative interpretation of rock–fluids interactions.     

陶瓷企业实施MRPⅡ现状及问题分析

分析了我国陶瓷企业实施制造资源计划的现状，并提出了成功实施的方略，最后通过实例进行了分析。     

燕皮传统加工工艺中碱液对肉糜特性的影响

燕皮是以猪肉和甘薯粉为原料,手工制成的薄如纸且经煮不烂的传统食品。在传统制作燕皮过程中添加山榉灰配制的碱液是影响肉糜品质的关键步骤。通过测定制作燕皮过程中各工序样品的氮溶解指数、持水性、乳化稳定性、pH值和粘度,利用SDS-PAGE分析样品中的蛋白质组分、利用光学显微镜观察它们的结构变化,证实植物碱液能够提高样品的氮溶解指数、持水性和乳化稳定性并且延迟了肉糜硬化。同时实验证明碳酸碱(Na2CO3或K2CO3)可替代传统工艺中的植物碱,为后续标准化、工业化生产提供可行条件。     

Multispectral data compression using bidirectional interbandprediction

The introduction of high spatial and spectral resolution sensors on-board remote-sensing spacecraft has increased, by orders of magnitude, the data rates which need to be sustained on the down-link or cross-link transmission channels. Since these channels are severely limited in capacity, the need arises to perform on-board compression to reduce the volume of data which would need to be down-linked. This paper discusses the development and refinement of a low complexity lossy spectral/spatial compression method which provides high compression ratios at low levels of distortion. The developed techniques uses pixels in adjacent bands to predict the intensity of pixels in the band being compressed via a simple linear prediction model. This prediction method when combined with a low-distortion discrete cosine transform (DCT) block coding method yields performance comparable to block-adaptive Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT)-DCT methods without incurring the complexity penalty of the KLT. The methods' performance suffers under misregistration. A fractional-pixel interpolation enhancement to the basic technique significantly improves the performance in the case of misregistered bands     

Mean residence time of gas in mechanically agitated gas–liquid contactors

In the present study of gas–liquid contactors, mean residence/contact time was calculated from knowledge of superficial velocity and the gas phase hold-up, for various gas rates and impeller geometry and speeds, and compared with values obtained from RTD measurements. A new correlation, involving Flow Number, Froude Number, system geometry and the physical properties, is proposed. This uses the authors data and those available in literature.     

Proving termination of GHC programs

A transformational approach for proving termination of parallel logic programs such as GHC programs is proposed. A transformation from GHC programs to term rewriting systems is developed; it exploits the fact that unifications in GHC-resolution correspond to matchings. The termination of a GHC program for a class of queries is implied by the termination of the resulting rewrite system. This approach facilitates the applicability of a wide range of termination techniques developed for rewrite systems in proving termination of GHC programs. The method consists of three steps: (a) deriving moding information from a given GHC program, (b) transforming the GHC program into a term rewriting system using the moding information, and finally (c) proving termination of the resulting rewrite system. Using this method, the termination of many benchmark GHC programs such as quick-sort, merge-sort, merge, split, fair-split and append, etc., can be proved. This is a revised and extended version of Ref. 12). The work was partially supported by the NSF Indo-US grant INT-9416687 Kapur was partially supported by NSF Grant nos. CCR-8906678 and INT-9014074. M. R. K. Krishna Rao, Ph.D.: He currently works as a senior research fellow at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. His current interests are in the areas of logic programming, modular aspects and noncopying implementations of term rewriting, learning logic programs from examples and conuterexamples and dynamics of mental states in rational agent architectures. He received his Ph.D in computer science from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bombay in 1993 and worked at TIFR and Max Planck Institut für Informatik, Saarbrücken until January 1997. Deepak Kapur, Ph.D.: He currently works as a professor at the State University of New York at Albany. His research interests are in the areas of automated reasoning, term rewriting, constraint solving, algebraic and geometric reasoning and its applications in computer vision, symbolic computation, formal methods, specification and verification. He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer Science from MIT in 1980. He worked at General Electric Corporate Research and Development until 1987. Prof. Kapur is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Automated Reasoning. He also serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Logic Programming, Journal on Constraints, and Journal of Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computer Science. R. K. Shyamasundar, Ph.D.: He currently works as a professor at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bombay. His current intersts are in the areas of logic programming, reactive and real time programming, constraint solving, formal methods, specification and verification. He received his Ph.D in computer science from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1975 and has been a faculty member at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research since then. He has been a visiting/regular faculty member at Technological University of Eindhoven, University of Utrecht, IBM TJ Watson Research Centre, Pennsylvania State University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, INRIA and ENSMP, France. He has served on (and chaired) Program Committees of many International Conferences and has been on the Editorial Committees.     

Bounded disorder file organization

The bounded disorder file organization proposed by W. Litwin and D.B. Lomet (1987) uses a combination of hashing and tree indexing. Lomet provided an approximate analysis with the mention of the difficulty involved in exact modeling of data nodes, which motivated this work. In an earlier paper (M.V. Ramakrishna and P. Mukhopadhyay, 1988) we provided an exact model and analysis of the data nodes, which is based on the solution of a classical sequential occupancy problem. After summarizing the analysis of data nodes, an alternate file growth method based on repeated trials using universal hashing is proposed and analyzed. We conclude that the alternate file growth method provides simplicity and significant improvement in storage utilization     

EVA基质PTC特性材料制备与导电机理分析

本文简述了以EVA为基质材料制备有机PTC特性材料的实验,实测了样品有关特性,并用非线性回归方法讨论了其导电机理.这对指导温度传感器的设计有一定帮助.     

MEETING THE IT CHALLENGES OF BUSINESS The Changing Mandate for MBAs

What is the implication for business when information technology (IT) changes in the workplace without a commensurate change in the composition of business programs educating tomorrow's employees? A survey of MBA graduates forms the basis of this article on the IT skills needed in the marketplace.