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1.
Test Case Generation as an AI Planning Problem 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Adele E. Howe Anneliese von Mayrhauser Richard T. Mraz 《Automated Software Engineering》1997,4(1):77-106
While Artificial Intelligence techniques have been applied to a variety of software engineering applications, the area of automated software testing remains largely unexplored. Yet, test cases for certain types of systems (e.g., those with command language interfaces and transaction based systems) are similar to plans. We have exploited this similarity by constructing an automated test case generator with an AI planning system at its core. We compared the functionality and output of two systems, one based on Software Engineering techniques and the other on planning, for a real application: the StorageTek robot tape library command language. From this, we showed that AI planning is a viable technique for test case generation and that the two approaches are complementary in their capabilities. 相似文献
2.
The reversal of humic matter-induced inhibition of callus growth and metabolism by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was studied in Pinus laricio. Two forest humic fractions (relative molecular mass (Mr) > 3500), derived from soil under Fagus sylvatica (Fs) and Abies alba (Aa) plantation, were used. Pinus laricio callus was grown for a subculture period (4 weeks) on Basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium plus forest humic matters (Fs or Aa), at a concentration of 1 mg C/l, and then was transferred, for an additional four weeks, to a MS medium culture without humic matter, but with different hormones: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 2 mg/1) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 0.5 mg/1) and/or 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP, 0.25 mg/1). Growth of calluse, glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents, and activities of soluble and bound invertases, glucokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, aldolase, and pyruvate kinase were monitored. The results show a negative effect of humic fractions on callus growth, due to decreased utilization of glucose and fructose, and decreased activities of glycolytic enzymes. The effects are reversible. Substitution of humic fractions with 2,4-D+BAP or 2,4-D is followed by an increase of glycolytic enzyme activities and, consequently, by the utilization of glucose and fructose that induces a restart of growth. In contrast, the inhibitory effects of humic fractions persist when they are substituted with BAP alone, indicating that only the auxin 2,4-D is capable of reversing the negative effects. A possible competitive action on the auxin-binding site between 2,4-D and the chemical structures in the forest humic fractions is suggested. 相似文献
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Raffaella Colombo Adele Papetti 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2019,54(4):943-951
Avocado industry produces enormous by-products and represents an important source of raw material in food and non-food applications. This review aims to focus the attention on the valorisation of avocado wastes recycling to produce different materials with important industrial and environmental impacts. In fact, peels and seeds can be reused in food and cosmetic fields due to the presence of bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols; thanks to their antioxidant and antinflammatory activities. In addition, both peels and seeds can be reused in the production of carbonaceous materials with important consequences for environmental pollution in the removal of contaminants from water. Interesting applications of avocado wastes in photocatalysis and biofuel production are also discussed. All the utilisations attest the great potential of recycling avocado by-products, a little known resource. 相似文献
6.
The beneficial effects on peak selectivity and resolution of conducting liquid chromatography (LC) at elevated temperature (e.g., 30-80 degrees C) are generally well-known; however, its importance for peptide recovery is not nearly as well recognized. This report demonstrates that microLC analysis of membrane proteomic samples significantly benefits from the application of heat. Enriched membrane and membrane-embedded peptides (the latter obtained by membrane shaving) were analyzed by microLC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) from 20 to 60 degrees C using a standard reversed-phase material. Maximal protein and hydrophobic peptide recovery was obtained at 60 degrees C. The membrane-shaving method employed, a recently optimized version of the high pH/proteinase K protocol, provided significant integral membrane protein enrichment: 98% of identified proteins were predicted to have at least one transmembrane domain (87% to have at least three), and 68% of peptides were predicted to contain transmembrane segments. Analysis of this highly enriched sample at elevated temperature increased protein identifications by 400%, and peptide identifications by 500%, as compared to room-temperature separation. Given that most microLC-MS/MS analyses are currently conducted at room temperature, the findings described herein should be of considerable value for improving the comprehensive study of integral membrane proteins. 相似文献
7.
Adele H. Marshall Mariangela Zenga 《International Transactions in Operational Research》2009,16(2):213-226
Coxian phase-type distributions are a special type of Markov model that can be used to represent survival times in terms of phases through which an individual may progress until they eventually leave the system completely. Previous research has considered the Coxian phase-type distribution to be ideal in representing patient survival in hospital. However, problems exist in fitting the distributions. This paper investigates the problems that arise with the fitting process by simulating various Coxian phase-type models for the representation of patient survival and examining the estimated parameter values and eigenvalues obtained. The results indicate that numerical methods previously used for fitting the model parameters do not always converge. An alternative technique is therefore considered. All methods are influenced by the choice of initial parameter values. The investigation uses a data set of 1439 elderly patients and models their survival time, the length of time they spend in a UK hospital. 相似文献
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With increases in storm frequency and intensity, municipalities are finding new ways of managing stormwater. Solutions require collaboration across planning disciplines and input from an informed public. This study compares a system of bioswales to existing curb and gutter infrastructure in a post-industrial streetscape of Hamilton, Ontario. Using the geodesign process, a section of Ottawa St. North was modelled to show how green infrastructure can ease the burden on aging, combined sewer systems. Qualitative data was gathered from residents of the neighbourhood through field notes, and quantitative geospatial data through GIS. Parametric modelling was used to generate a design, and scenarios created to show resulting impacts on stormwater run-off. The model was posted online as an interactive presentation, accessible to all stakeholders for review and comment. The results of the study demonstrate powerful new tools that can assist landscape architects in designing, collaborating and communicating stormwater strategies. 相似文献
10.
Recent studies have yielded evidence that plant flavonoids reduce hepatic lipid and apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion. However,
the possible role of flavonoids in regulating lipid and apoB secretion by the intestine has not been studied. The purpose
of our study was to examine the effects of quercetin, a common dietary flavonoid, on TAG and apoB secretion in a human intestinal
cell-line, CaCo-2. Differentiated postconfluent CaCo-2 cells grown on filters and pretreated with quercetin for 8 h were shown
by ELISA to inhibit basolateral apoB secretion in a dose-dependent manner. At 15 μM, the secretion of both apoB-100 and apoB-48
were inhibited similarly. This effect was shown to be specific, as quercetin did not affect the incorporation of [35S]methionine/cysteine into secreted TCA-precipitable proteins. To determine the mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect,
we examined two regulatory points: IAG availability and lipid transfer to the lipoprotein particle. Quercetin inhibited TAG
synthesis under both basal and lipid-rich conditions, indicating that lipid availability is a determining factor in the regulation
of apoB secretion by quercetin. The reduction was due at least in part to a decrease in diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity.
We next examined lipid transfer or lipidation of the lipoprotein particle by analyzing microsomal IAG transfer protein (MTP)
activity. Quercetin decreased MTP activity moderately. In summary, the data demonstrated that pharmacological concentrations
of quercetin are a potent inhibitor of intestinal apoB secretion and that reduced lipid availability and lipidation in the
lipoprotein assembly step are the mechanism for the suppression of apoB-containing lipoprotein secretion by quercetin in CaCo-2
cells. 相似文献