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1.
Formative human factors (HF) evaluation is an important activity in control room design. Its purpose is to provide design feedback in the development process, preferably early so as to lower the risk of late and sub-optimal design changes. Early evaluation requires assessment of higher level design decisions due to the gradual specificity of design decisions made as the development process progresses. There is also a need to further develop HF methods that are applicable in practice. The purpose of this article is to seek understanding of, and base guidelines on, the practical use of HF methods for formative assessment of higher level design decisions in control rooms. Evaluations in three development projects at a Swedish nuclear power plant were studied, identifying 18 method guidelines. The guidelines related to: 1) the method’s ability to define, adapt, focus and balance; 2) execution of the evaluation workshops; 3) the communicative purpose of the evaluation activity. Comparing the identified guidelines with literature showed similarities, but also highlighted unique guidelines. The compiled results can be used to further develop methods for early formative evaluation of control rooms in practice. 相似文献
2.
Anna-Lisa Chaudhary Sascha Dietzel Hai-Wen Li Etsuo Akiba Nils Bergemann Claudio Pistidda Thomas Klassen Martin Dornheim 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2017,42(16):11422-11428
Mg2FeD6 is successfully synthesised with various degrees of purity using reactive ball milling and annealing under low pressure deuterium conditions to a maximum of 10 bar. The deuteride of the low cost ternary metal hydride Mg2FeH6, is synthesised to enable further characterisation studies such as isotopic exchange behaviour. Both on laboratory and industrial scales, keeping the pressure low reduces the need for expensive compression systems and also minimises the quantity of gas necessary for use; therefore it is important to assess synthesis under these cost effective conditions. This is especially the case when using a specialised gas such as high purity deuterium. The maximum pressure chosen is 10 bar, to comply with the High Pressure Safety Act in Japan. This Safety Act limits the use of any gas including hydrogen and deuterium to 10 bar eliminating the use of traditional synthesis methods for Mg2FeH6 or Mg2FeD6 synthesis at high pressure (120 bar). Ball milling parameters such as milling times, ball to powder ratios as well as sintering times were altered to achieve improved Mg2FeD6 yields under these low pressure conditions. 相似文献
3.
Anna-Lisa Pignet Marlies Schellnegger Andrzej Hecker Michael Kohlhauser Petra Kotzbeck Lars-Peter Kamolz 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(23)
Resveratrol is a well-known polyphenol that harbors various health benefits. Besides its well-known anti-oxidative potential, resveratrol exerts anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and cell-protective effects. It seems to be a promising adjuvant for various medical indications, such as cancer, vascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, resveratrol was shown to display beneficial effects on the human skin. The polyphenol is discussed to be a feasible treatment approach to accelerate wound healing and prevent the development of chronic wounds without the drawback of systemic side effects. Despite resveratrol’s increasing popularity, its molecular mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. To take full advantage of resveratrol’s therapeutic potential, a profound knowledge of its interactions with its targets is needed. Therefore, this review highlights the resveratrol-induced molecular pathways with particular focus on the most relevant variables in wound healing, namely inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, collagen proliferation and angiogenesis. 相似文献
4.
The empirical part of this study is based on a survey of 600 Swedish households and a number of interviews where questions about residential energy behaviour and possible policy instruments for change were raised. The study provides insight into current behavioural patterns and gives a bottom-up perspective on the realistic perspective potentials for change and ways to achieve them. Residential energy use accounts for a fifth of the total in Northern nations and patterns of behaviour may influence levels of energy use to the same extent as choice of appliances. The study revealed those behavioural patterns that are efficient and those that need to be improved for energy conservation. Several policy instruments for change were identified in the study and they include combinations of information, economic measures, administrative measures and more user friendly technology as well as equipment with sufficient esthetic quality. Policy instruments that have fostered energy efficient behaviour in Sweden include the massive information campaigns during the oil crises in the 1970s as well as energy labelling of appliances. Still, many households are “energy-unaware” and several energy efficient behaviours are motivated not by energy conservation concern but of a perceived lack of time. This shows that it is important to have a broad perspective in energy conservation, to evaluate trends and to use policy instruments timely to support or discourage them. 相似文献
5.
As a basis for a prospective modification of the present seat-belt regulation in Sweden, the protective level of safety harnesses compared with three-point belts has been studied. Biomechanical tests were carried out with different combinations of belts and seats. The results showed that a three-point belt on a conventional seat offered the best protection in frontal impacts. The geometry of the safety harness (inverted Y-harness and four-point belt) induces the lap belt to slide over the iliac crest and the restraining force will be on the abdomen (submarining). This may be prevented by the use of a six-point belt, where two crotch straps keep the lap belt in position. The safety harness induces strong rebounds on the head, owing to the fact that the shoulder straps stop the forward motion of the torso too fast. High accelerations and HIC-values were registered for the head. The shoulder straps of the safety harnesses also expose the wearer's shoulders and spine to high stresses in frontal impacts, which may induce injuries to the shoulders and compression injuries to the spine. Various solutions which may result in an increase of the protective level of the system safety harness and racing-car seat in frontal impacts are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Breuer Andreas T.; Masson Michael E. J.; Cohen Anna-Lisa; Lindsay D. Stephen 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,35(2):487
The authors provide evidence that long-term memory encoding can occur for briefly viewed objects in a rapid serial visual presentation list, contrary to claims that the brief presentation and quick succession of objects prevent encoding by disrupting a memory consolidation process that requires hundreds of milliseconds of uninterrupted processing. Subjects performed a search task in which each item was presented for only 75 ms. Nontargets from the search task generated priming on 2 subsequent indirect memory tests: a search task and a task requiring identification of visually masked objects. Additional experiments revealed that information encoded into memory for these nontargets included perceptual and conceptual components, and that these results were not due to subjects maintaining items in working memory during list presentation. These results are consistent with recent neurophysiological evidence showing that stimulus processing can occur at later stages in the cognitive system even when a subsequent new stimulus is presented that initiates processing at earlier stages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
Gilbert Sam J.; Gollwitzer Peter M.; Cohen Anna-Lisa; Oettingen Gabriele; Burgess Paul W. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,35(4):905
In everyday life, one can link anticipated specific cues (e.g. visiting a restaurant) with desired actions (e.g., ordering a healthy meal). Alternatively, intentions such as “I intend to eat more healthily” present the option to act when one encounters the same cue. In the first case, a specific cue triggers a specific action; in the second, one must act in a more self-initiated manner. The authors compared such scenarios using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants were either instructed to respond in a particular manner to target events (cued condition) or told that they would score points for such responses, without being told that they were necessary (self-initiated condition). Although conditions differed only in the wording of instructions, the self-initiated condition was associated with poorer performance and greater activity in a predominantly frontoparietal network. Responses to targets in the self-initiated and cued conditions yielded greater activity in lateral and medial Brodmann area 10, respectively. The authors suggest that these results reflect differing demands for self-initiated versus externally cued behavior following different types of instruction, in line with the distinction between goal intentions and implementation intentions proposed by P. M. Gollwitzer and colleagues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Mickaël Abbas Alexandre Ern Nicolas Pignet 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2019,120(3):303-327
We devise and evaluate numerically a Hybrid High-Order (HHO) method for finite plasticity within a logarithmic strain framework. The HHO method uses as discrete unknowns piecewise polynomials of order k ≥ 1 on the mesh skeleton, together with cell-based polynomials that can be eliminated locally by static condensation. The HHO method leads to a primal formulation, supports polyhedral meshes with nonmatching interfaces, and is free of volumetric locking. In addition, the integration of the behavior law is performed only at cell-based quadrature nodes, and the tangent matrix in Newton's method is symmetric. Moreover, the principle of virtual work is satisfied locally with equilibrated tractions. Various two- and three-dimensional benchmarks are presented, as well as comparisons against known solutions obtained with an industrial software using conforming and mixed finite elements. 相似文献
9.
In a Northern country such as Sweden, energy use in the home may be reduced by 20% through changes in behaviour. However, little is known about how households respond to policy instruments encouraging such change or to what degree this in turn may affect the workload of women and men in such communities. The current study presents findings from interviews with 30 households in Sweden that participated in intervention measures aimed at reducing energy use in the home and explores how the sexes divided the new household chores and their opinions regarding these. The empirical findings are analysed against a theoretical framework of behavioural change. Results from the interviews indicate that lower indoor temperature and fewer hot baths had a greater impact on women than on men. When electricity charges varied, the workload of women increased as they washed clothes and dishes at night and at weekends when electricity was cheaper. Women also refrained from using clothes’ driers resulting in more time spent completing this chore. Based on these results we argue that a gender perspective in future intervention programmes in Northern communities may be useful as residential energy conservation in its present form affects the timing and types of household chores with resulting increased workload for women. How energy policy should change requires further analysis. 相似文献
10.
Eric R. Schultz Anna-Lisa Paul Robert J. Ferl 《Microgravity science and technology》2016,28(6):621-631
Arabidopsis thaliana roots skew with minimal waving in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. Root skewing and root waving have been studied on the ground as well as in spaceflight, but often using different media types. In this study, Arabidopsis seedlings were grown on nutrient media plates that were comprised of various gelling agents with varied hardness in order to better assess these media for spaceflight research experiments. ImageJ was used to quantify the root morphology of 8-dayold seedlings, while R was used to perform statistical analyses. Root growth was drastically different between Difco agar, agarose, and Phytagel. Additionally, root waving masked skewing in certain media. Regression analysis revealed overall patterns when organized by hardness but also revealed that differences in media type had more of an impact on root growth than hardness itself. Different arrangements of media around the root tip revealed that roots grown on the media surface were longer and had fewer waves per millimeter than roots grown embedded in media. The implications for spaceflight research are discussed. 相似文献