Combination of Hargreaves method and linear regression as a new method to estimate solar radiation in Perlis, Northern Malaysia

The best way to obtain the solar radiation data of a particular place of interest (POI) is to measure at the specific site continuously and accurately over the long term. However, due to financial, maintenance, calibration requirement of the measuring equipment or institutional limitations, these data are absent, incomplete or inaccessible in most areas of the world. Based on meteorological data from Chuping Station, Perlis which is at Northern Malaysia, there were several missing data of solar radiation for the year 2007 and 2008. This paper presents a new method to estimate the solar radiation which is a combination of Hargreaves method and linear regression. Normally, both regression coefficients, a and b of the linear regression are found based on the measured data, but using the proposed method, both regression coefficients based on the Hargreaves method with the correlated parameter, x is the difference of daily temperature. This paper also presents the basic knowledge of Hargreaves method before the proposed method is implemented. As validation, those solar radiation data that are measured by Chuping Station for the year 2006 and by Electrical Energy and Industrial Electronic System (EEIES) Cluster Station for the month of March–June 2011 and their estimated solar radiation data are compared and analyzed using coefficient of residual mass (CRM), root mean squared error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe equation (NSE) and percentage error (e). The statistical analysis of the average monthly measured solar radiation data for the past 26 years (1979–2006) is compared with the estimated solar radiation data for 3 years (2006–2008). The proposed method result shows that the value of CRM is closer to zero which indicates that the proposed method is perfectly estimated, the values of RMSE are low value, this indicates that the method performs well, the value of NSE is closer to 1 which indicates that the estimated solar radiation match perfectly with the measured data taken for the past 26 years, the value of e is closer to zero which indicates that the proposed method is acceptable and applicable.     

Method for Studying Internal-Conversion Electrons on the Fully Automated PAVIKOM Microscope-Based Complex

The results of test measurements of a photoemulsion plate on the PAVIKOM-1 measurement complex are presented. The plate was exposed in a -ray spectrograph at the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems of the JINR. The plate was irradiated with internal-conversion electrons resulting from the decay of erbium isotopes. A precision television data-readout system with a CCD array containing 1360 × 1024 photodetecting elements ensured an accuracy of 0.5 m along all coordinates.     

Measurement of the internal conversion electron lines by the track counting technique

The internal conversion electron lines were measured by the method of track counting in a nuclear photoemulsion with the aid of an optical microscope and an MAS-1 automated TV setup.     

Schizophrenic inability to disattend from strong aspects of meaning.

Tested R. L. Cromwell and P. R. Dokecki's (1968) theory that excessive response by schizophrenics to strong aspects of meaning of words and deficient response to weak aspects of meaning reflect an inability to disattend from strong aspects of meaning. 79 schizophrenics (40 off and 39 on drugs) were given 2 multiple-choice subtests asking for identification of aspects of meaning of words. Items of one subtest contained both a strong and a weak aspect of meaning and items of the other contained 2 weak aspects of meaning. The subtests had been matched on difficulty and reliability for 166 normal Ss. The schizophrenics identified weak aspects of meaning no worse when strong aspects of meaning were present than when they were absent. Findings argue against Cromwell and Dokecki's theory. Schizophrenics' excessive response to strong aspects of meaning on other tasks probably reflects a defect in screening and a resultant heightened expression of a normal bias. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dispersion-strengthened copper-based materials formed by high rate magnetron/plasmatron sputtering

A magnetron/plasmatron source was used for sputtering CuTi(0.7 wt.%)Fe(0.9 wt.%) to produce fine-grained (diameter approximately 1 μm) dispersion-strengthened films of thickness 30–100 μm with finely dispersed particles (size less than 25 Å). After sputtering without heat treatment the CuTiFe films showed a large increase in strength (σ_0.2 ≈ 700 MPa; σ_B ≈ 750 MPa; microhardness HV_M ≈ 3000 MPa) and an electrical conductivity of $\text{25–30}\text{m}\text{Ω}{}^{-1}\text{mm}{}^{-2}$, i.e. about half the conductivity of pure copper. The strengthened films remained stable to post-deposition annealing at up to 650 °C.     

A new traffic model for backbone networks and its application to performance analysis

In this paper, we present a new traffic model constructed from a random number of shifting level processes (SLP) aggregated over time, in which the lengths of the active periods of the SLP are of Pareto or truncated Pareto distribution. For both cases, the model has been proved to be asymptotically second‐order self‐similar. However, based on extensive traffic data we collected from a backbone network, we find that the active periods of the constructing SLPs can be approximated better by a truncated Pareto distribution, instead of the Pareto distribution as assumed in existing traffic model constructions. The queueing problem of a single server fed with a traffic described by the model is equivalently converted to a problem with a traffic described by Norros' model. For the tail probability of the queue length distribution, an approximate expression and upper bound have been found in terms of large deviation estimates and are mathematically more tractable than existing results. The effectiveness of the traffic model and performance results are demonstrated by our simulations and experimental studies on a backbone network. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.