Improving delamination resistance of carbon fiber reinforced polymeric composite by interface engineering using carbonaceous nanofillers through electrophoretic deposition: An assessment at different in-service temperatures

In this article, modification of carbon fiber surface by carbon based nanofillers (multi-walled carbon nanotubes [CNT], carbon nanofibers, and multi-layered graphene) has been achieved by electrophoretic deposition technique to improve its interfacial bonding with epoxy matrix, with a target to improve the mechanical performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Flexural and short beam shear properties of the composites were studied at extreme temperature conditions; in-situ cryo, room and elevated temperature (−196, 30, and 120°C respectively). Laminate reinforced with CNT grafted carbon fibers exhibited highest delamination resistance with maximum improvement in flexural strength as well as in inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) among all the carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CE) composites at all in-situ temperatures. CNT modified CE composite showed increment of 9% in flexural strength and 17.43% in ILSS when compared to that of unmodified CE composite at room temperature (30°C). Thermomechanical properties were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis. Fractography was also carried out to study different modes of failure of the composites.     

Effects of fiber surface grafting by functionalized carbon nanotubes on the interfacial durability during cryogenic testing and conditioning of CFRP composites

Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CE) composite is ideal for a cryogenic fuel storage tank in space applications due to its unmatched specific strength and modulus. In this article, inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) of carbon fiber/epoxy (CE) composite is shown to be considerably improved by engineering the interface with carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (FCNT) using electrophoretic deposition technique. FCNT deposited fibers from different bath concentrations (0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L) were used to fabricate the laminates, which were then tested at room (30°C) and in-situ liquid nitrogen (LN) (−196°C) temperature as well as conditioning for different time durations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 6, and 12 h) followed by immediate RT testing to study the applicability of these engineered materials at the cryogenic environment. A maximum increment in ILSS was noticed at bath concentration of 0.5 g/L, which was ~21% and ~ 17% higher than neat composite at 30°C and − 196°C, respectively. Short-term LN conditioning was found to be detrimental due to developed cryogenic shock, which was further found to be compensated by cryogenic interfacial clamping upon long-term exposure.     

Mechanical behavior of electrophoretically modified CFRP composites at elevated temperatures: An assessment of the influence of graphene carboxyl bath concentration

The study aims at investigating the mechanical behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites modified with graphene carboxyl at elevated temperature (ET-110°C) and understanding the effect of electrophoretic deposition bath concentration (0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L, and 1.5 g/L) on their mechanical behavior at ET. The 1.5 g/L composite has revealed a maximum improvement in energy absorbed before failure of 33.25% at RT and 22.54% at ET for flexural testing and ∼35% at RT for short beam shear testing, over neat CFRP composite. The modified composites have shown an improved flexural strain to failure at both RT and ET, with 1.5 g/L composite exhibiting maximum enhancement of 12.41% at RT and 26.52% at ET over neat composite. However, at ET, modified composites exhibited lower flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength values in comparison to that of neat. Viscoelastic behavior of all composites was studied to understand bath concentration's effect on thermal behavior via dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed for governing the glass transition temperature of composites. Fractography of tested samples (both ET and RT) was performed utilizing a scanning electron microscope to determine the prominent failure mode.     

Modulated Triple‐Material Nano‐Heterostructures: Where Gold Influenced the Chemical Activity of Silver in Nanocrystals

For efficient charge separations, multimaterial hetero‐nanostructures are being extensively studied as photocatalysts. While materials with one heterojunction are widely established, the chemistry of formation of multijunction heterostructures is not explored. This needs a more sophisticated approach and modulations. To achieve these, a generic multistep seed mediated growth following controlled ion diffusion and ion exchange is reported which successfully leads to triple‐material hetero‐nanostructures with bimetallic‐binary alloy‐binary/ternary semiconductors arrangements. Ag₂S nanocrystals are used as primary seeds for obtaining AuAg‐AuAgS bimetallic‐binary alloyed metal–semiconductor heterostructures via partial reduction of Ag(I) using Au(III) ions. These are again explored as secondary seeds for obtaining a series of triple‐materials heterostructures, AuAg‐AuAgS‐CdS (or ZnS or AgInS₂), with introduction of different divalent and trivalent ions. Chemistry of each step of the gold ion–induced changes in the rate of diffusion and/or ion exchanges are investigated and the formation mechanism for these nearly monodisperse triple material heterostructures are proposed. Reactions without gold are also performed, and the change in the reaction chemistry and growth mechanism in presence of Au is also discussed.     

Effect of MgO in the microstructure formation of zirconia mullite composites from sillimanite and zircon

The effect of MgO additive on the structural, microstructural and hardness properties of zirconia mullite (MUZ) has been discussed. The MgO additive in MUZ not only stabilizes the cubic zirconia phase but also acts as a sintering aid for the formation of cross-linked mullite grains. The electron micrographs of plasma fused MgO–MUZ shows a uniform arrangement of platelet structure of mullite and dendrite structure of zirconia on mullite surface. The micrograph of plasma sintered composites shows a ladder like structure and a complete cross-linked mullite grains whereas the surface morphology of conventionally sintered composites clearly indicates the presence of small and big grains close packed to each other. Appreciable hardness and higher optical band gap have been observed for plasma fused MgO–MUZ composites. A complete dissociation of sillimanite and zircon has been occurred in plasma fused composites for the complete conversion of MUZ whereas the complete dissociation of sillimanite and zircon has not observed in plasma sintered and conventionally sintered composites. These observations have been realized from the X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared studies.     

Experimental and computational study on structure development of PMMA/SAN blends

Structure development in PMMA/SAN28 blends was studied experimentally with small-angle light scattering (SALS) and computationally with a diffuse-interface model based on the Cahn-Hilliard theory. All three stages of phase separation were observed with SALS. The diffusion coefficient was derived from the initial stage, while the evolution of the interface thickness was derived from all stages. The coarsening kinetics is more dominated by hydrodynamics in the late stage than in the intermediate stage of the phase separation. This is confirmed by the computational study which revealed that the coarsening becomes dominated by hydrodynamics when the capillary number is reduced from 10 to 0.5. A quantitative comparison between the experimental and numerically predicted phase separation kinetics is presented.     

Characterization of Polyacrylonitrile Nanocomposites by Reinforcement of Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Polyacrylonitrile/functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (PAN/f-SWCNTs) nanocomposites were synthesized by an emulsifier-free in situ polymerization process. Interaction of polyacrylonitrile with functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes was evidenced by ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The structure and morphology of nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Electrical conductivity was found to be increased by addition of f-SWCNTs. Thermogravimetric analysis study of PAN/f-SWCNT nanocomposites show more thermal resistance compared to the virgin PAN. The oxygen barrier property of PAN/f-SWCNT nanocomposites was reduced by eight times with increasing f-SWCNTs proportions.     

Dispersion of nanoplatelets of graphite on PMMA matrix by in situ polymerisation technique

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/expanded graphite (PMMA/EG) composites were prepared by the incorporation of EG in various proportions (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) with PMMA by in situ polymerisation technique. The polymer composites were characterised by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopies. The structural property of PMMA/EG nanocomposites was studied by X-ray diffraction. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of synthesised composites were taken in order to study their morphological properties. The conductivity of composites was measured as function of EG concentration. It was found that conductivity of composites gradually increased with the increase in EG loading. Oxygen permeability of PMMA/EG nanocomposites was calculated and it was found that the property was reduced substantially with rise of EG proportion. The thermal stability of PMMA/EG nanocomposites was improved by dispersion of EG with PMMA matrix.     

Creep performance of CNT reinforced glass fiber/epoxy composites: Roles of temperature and stress

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been emerged as a potential nanofiller to reinforce polymeric materials to improve their mechanical properties, like strength and modulus. However, time-dependent deformation of such materials under a constant load and elevated temperature is a matter of concern for long-term durability of these materials. The present article primarily demonstrates the effects of creep temperature and stress on the reinforcement efficiency of CNT in a glass fiber/epoxy (GE) composite. Two types of materials were investigated in this study—GE which was used as a control material, as well as CNT embedded GE composite. To elucidate the impact of CNT on the long-term durability of GE composite, creep tests have been performed at different temperatures (50, 80, and 110 °C) under bending loading. As applied stress has also significant contribution toward the elevated creep deformation of materials, creep tests have also been carried out under different stresses (5, 10, and 40 MPa). The strength of the CNT-GE composite exhibited 8.7 and 18.3% higher than that of control GE composite under tensile and bending load, respectively. Results suggest CNT reinforcement to be beneficial for low temperature applications, both in terms of creep strain and strain rate. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47674.     

Development of advanced fiber-reinforced polymer composites by polymer hybridization technique: Emphasis on cure kinetics,mechanical, and thermomechanical performance

Polymer hybridization technique, consisting of an interlayer arrangement of different polymers, acts as the most economical and promising technique in augmenting the glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite's mechanical properties. This investigation focuses on the effect of cure kinetics on the flexural behavior of glass-polymer hybrid (GPH) composite, and also elucidates the comparative analysis on the mechanical behavior of glass-epoxy (GE) composite, glass-vinyl ester (GVE) composite, and GPH composite. The optimal postcuring temperature has been found to be 200°C for GPH composite among the other postcuring temperatures conducted at 140, 170, and 230°C. Among all these abovementioned composites, highest flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength properties have been recorded by the 200°C postcured GPH composite leading to 10.87 and 18.76% increment, respectively, compared with GE composite. Furthermore, thermomechanical characterization has been done to know the viscoelastic behavior of the GPH composite postcured at different temperatures using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The fracture morphology of flexural tested composite samples demonstrated a combination of failure modes. Relevant information on the chemical restructuring and fracture morphology of experimented composite material using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has also been studied.