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1.
Depletion and hillock formation were examined in-situ in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) during electromigration of bamboo
Al interconnect segments. Hillocks formed directly at the anode ends of the segments by epitaxial addition of Al at the bottom
Al/TiN interface. Depletion occurred nonuniformly from the cathode end and stopped once the distance between the leading void
and the hillock reached the critical length for electromigration at the given current density. A modified equation for the
drift velocity is proposed, which includes the effect of nonuniform depletion and predicts that interconnects with nonuniform
depletion are more reliable than those with uniform depletion. 相似文献
2.
R. Meyer Hilde Hardtdegen R. Carius D. Grützmacher M. Stollenwerk P. Balk A. Kux B. Meyer 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1992,21(3):293-298
This paper presents a study of the structural and optical properties of strained GaInAs/ InP multiple quantum well (MQW) structures
fabricated by LP-MOVPE. The composition of the Ga
x
In1−x
As films ranged fromx = 0.17 tox = 1.0 and was determined by sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) on thick layers. The structures of the MQW samples
with well widths from 1.5 to 5 nm were investigated by high resolution x-ray diffraction (HR-XRD). Simulations of the diffraction
patterns showed that transition layers of approximately 2 monolayer (ML) thickness with high lattice mismatch exist at the
interfaces. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicate well widths of a multiple of a monolayer with local variations of
one monolayer. The PL peak energies vary smoothly with the Ga concentration. These results were confirmed by optical absorption
measurements. 相似文献
3.
Evaluation of a two-temperature control structure for a two-reactant/two-product type of reactive distillation column 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Devrim B. Kaymak 《Chemical engineering science》2006,61(13):4432-4450
Several different control structures have been proposed for reactive distillation columns. The appropriate control structure depends on the flowsheet and on the type of reactions occurring in the column. If two reactants are involved and if it is desirable to operate the process without any excess of reactant, it is necessary to manage the fresh feed streams so that the stoichiometry is exactly balanced. A composition analyzer that measures an internal composition in the column is often required. However, if two products are produced, it is possible to avoid the use of an analyzer by using two temperatures in the column to adjust the two feed streams. This type of structure was proposed by Roat et al. [Roat, S., Downs. J., Vogel, E., Doss, J., 1986. Integration of rigorous dynamic modeling and control system synthesis for distillation columns. In: Chemical Process Control—CPC III. Elsevier, Amsterdam.] for the ideal reaction A+B↔C+D in one of the earliest papers dealing with reactive distillation control.The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of this two-temperature control structure for various column designs (number of reactive stages) to quantify the impact of design on controllability. We also discuss the issues of the selection of the trays whose temperatures are to be controlled and the tuning of the two interacting temperature controllers. Disturbances in production rate and fresh feed compositions are made to examine the rangeability of this control structure. Both an ideal reaction system and the methyl acetate system are studied. One of the main conclusions is that the locations of the temperature control trays should be made such that the two temperature controllers both have direct action (an increase in temperature increases feed), which requires negative openloop process gains for both loops. 相似文献
4.
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) fellows responded to a questionnaire measuring knowledge of 1991 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. Generalists' scores on a knowledge scale were positively correlated with reporting CDC and AAP documents as knowledge sources, and negatively correlated with private practice, medical school as a knowledge source, and age. However, private practitioners who read AAP documents scored well. 相似文献
5.
We present some new results about oscillation and asymptotic behavior of solutions of third order nonlinear differential equations of the form
(r2(t)(r1(t)y′)′)′+p(t)y′+q(t)f(y(g(t)))=0. 相似文献
6.
7.
GaAs m.e.s.f.e.t. structures with high-resistivity buffer layers were prepared by introducing oxygen into the deposition system during growth. The electrical properties of the buffer layers are independent of the oxygen content of the gas phase over a large range of partial pressures. The characteristics of devices prepared with such layers are excellent. 相似文献
8.
We propose a new packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) scheme for the joint transmission of voice and data traffics in a microcellular medium. The collision resolution protocol within the system is based on a modification of the window random access algorithm, which has superior properties compared to the conventional slotted Aloha. The proposed algorithm, which we call packet reservation window multiple access (PRWMA), works in distinct modes for voice and data without prioritization, and the user performs slightly different operations depending on the information type. Simulation results show that PRWMA outperforms PRMA by a significant margin in terms of voice user capacity. 相似文献
9.
Dealloying of Au-Ag thin films with a composition gradient: Influence on morphology of nanoporous Au 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nanoporous Au can be formed by dealloying Au-Ag alloys and, depending on the initial alloy composition, produce a variety of microstructural features. We investigated a wide compositional range and found three regimes, based on initial Au content, that yield varying degrees of dealloying in thin films. Between 22 and 26 at.% Au, dealloying produces nearly pure Au with an open nanoporous structure. However, above 36 at.% Au, only the grain boundaries dealloy, leaving islands of retained Au-Ag alloy. For intermediate compositions, a transitional microstructure results, with final Ag concentration ranging from 50 at.% down to 4 at.%. Film cracking was observed after dealloying, and lower initial Au content correlated with a higher degree of cracking and a higher pore fraction. 相似文献
10.
Sacide Alsoy Altinkaya Ozge TopcuogluYilmaz Yurekli Devrim Balkose 《Progress in Organic Coatings》2010
Diffusion coefficients and sorption isotherms of water in waterborne acrylic paint films and in the pure binder of the paints have been measured by gravimetric sorption. Solubility of water was found to enhance with the increased binder content in the paint films while the diffusivity of water decreased significantly. Sorption isotherms in the paint and pure copolymer films were correlated with the Flory Huggins theory and ENSIC model, respectively. Fickian diffusion was observed in both types of films and the kinetic data were best correlated with a numerical model which takes into account the concentration dependency of the diffusion coefficient and the dimensional change of the film due to sorption. It was concluded that the utilization of a simplified analytical solution may lead to significant errors in the estimation of diffusivities. 相似文献