Deacylation of Calcium-Dependent Antibiotics from Streptomyces violaceoruber in Co-culture with Streptomyces sp. MG7-G1

When Streptomyces violaceoruber grows together with Streptomyces sp. MG7-G1, it reacts with strongly induced droplet production on its aerial mycelium. Initially the metabolite profile of droplets from S. violaceoruber in co-culture with Streptomyces sp. MG7-G1 was compared to samples from S. violaceoruber in single-culture by using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Then, the exudate from agar plates of co-cultures and single cultures (after freezing and thawing) was also analysed. Several compounds were only observed when S. violaceoruber was grown in co-culture. Based on their high-resolution ESI mass spectra and their comparable retention times to the calcium-dependent antibiotics (CDAs) produced by S. violaceoruber, the new compounds were suspected to be deacylated calcium-dependent antibiotics (daCDAs), lacking the 2,3-epoxyhexanoyl residue of CDAs. This was verified by detailed analysis of the MS/MS spectra of the daCDAs in comparison to the CDAs. The major CDA compounds present in calcium ion-supplemented agar medium of co-cultures were daCDAs, thus suggesting that Streptomyces sp. MG7-G1 expresses a deacylase that degrades CDAs.     

分享阳光--比尔的公寓楼

这幢位于瑞士比尔郊区的公寓高三层,由8套大小不同的住宅单元所构成,所处位置能够俯瞰整个小镇,具有极佳的视野。下面的部分是跃层式的二层公寓,上面一层则是普通公寓。楼顶为公共活动区域,设有孩子们的游戏室,其屋顶形式与相邻的建筑风格颇为近似。基地东南向的陡坡非常理想地     

Local residence time,residence revolution,and residence volume distributions in twin‐screw extruders

This work was aimed at studying the overall, partial, and local residence time distributions (RTD); overall, partial and local residence revolution distributions (RRD) and overall, partial and local residence volume distributions (RVD) in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder, on the one hand; and establishing the relationships among them, on the other hand. Emphasis was placed on the effects of the type and geometry of mixing elements (a gear block and various types of kneading elements differing in staggering angle) and process parameters on the RTD, RRD and RVD. The overall and partial RTD were directly measured in‐line during the extrusion process and the local ones were calculated by deconvolution based on a statistical theory. The local RTD allowed comparing the mixing performance of mixing elements. Also it was confirmed both experimentally and theoretically that specific throughput, defined as a ratio of throughput (Q) over screw speed (N), controlled all the above three types of residence distributions, be they local, partial or overall. The RRD and RVD do not provide more information on an extrusion process than the corresponding RTD. Rather they are different ways of representing the same phenomena. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 48:19–28, 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Numerical study on PEMFC’s geometrical parameters under different humidifying conditions

Steady-state and three-dimensional simulations were carried out to study the influences of geometrical parameters on the performance of PEMFC under different hydrating conditions. Flow fields, species transport, transport of water in polymer membrane and movement of liquid water in cathode and anode porous layers were determined, in order to accomplish a complete estimation of ohmic and concentration losses of PEMFC power. The geometrical parameters were thickness of the polymer membrane, cathode catalyst layer as well as gas channel to rib width ratio. Every simulation was made under different relative humidities of inlet flows (50 and 100%) for every change of characteristic length. Results show that the influence of the geometrical parameters on ohmic and concentration losses is of considerable importance. The performance of PEMFC is seriously affected under dehydrating conditions. However, such performance may be considerably improved by using suitable geometrical parameters. Cathode and anode liquid saturation may not only affect the transport of species, but also the polymer electrolyte water content. These results show the importance of simultaneously calculating both the water absorption and desorption through the polymer electrolyte and the liquid saturation in the cathode and anode porous mediums to obtain an actual view of ohmic and concentration losses of the PEMFC performance.     

Subnanometer-scale chemistry and structure of α-iron/molybdenum nitride heterophase interfaces

The local chemistry and structure of α-iron/molybdenum nitride heterophase interfaces is studied on a subnanometer scale by atom-probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM), three-dimensional atom-probe microscopy (3DAPM) and both conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) and highresolution electron microscopy (HREM). Molybdenum nitride precipitates are generated by annealing Fe-2 at. pct Mo-X, where X=0.4 at. pct Sb or 0.5 at. pct Sn, at 550 °C or 600 °C, in an ammonia/hydrogen mixture. Internal nitridation at 550 °C produces thin, coherent platelet-shaped molybdenum nitride precipitates. Nitridation at 600 °C generates a much coarser structure with semicoherent thick plate-shaped and spheroidal precipitates in addition to the thin-platelet structure. The APFIM and 3DAPM analyses of the heterophase interfaces show substantial segregation of the solute species Sn and Sb only at the coarse precipitates, with Gibbsian interfacial excesses of up to 7±3 nm⁻², whereas the broad faces of the thin platelets have no detectable segregation. The TEM and HREM analyses show that the coarse precipitates are semicoherent, whereas the thin platelets are either coherent or have much fewer misfit dislocations than geometrically necessary. This demonstrates that Sn and Sb segregation is related to the presence of misfit dislocations at the interfaces of the coarse precipitates. This article is based on a presentation made at the symposium entitled “The Mechanisms of the Massive Transformation,” a part of the Fall 2000 TMS Meeting held October 16–19, 2000, in St. Louis, Missouri, under the auspices of the ASM Phase Transformations Committee.     

Kinetics of Zn and Pb evaporation from liquid iron

The evaporation kinetics of Zn and Pb from liquid iron at 1600°C were studied under argon pressure 0.1 to 50 bar in an induction furnace. It was found that the limiting step of evaporation under p_Ar < 1 bar is diffusion in the melt. Diffusion in the gas phase becomes rate-determining with increasing argon pressure. The phase boundary reaction has no effect on the evaporation of Zn and Pb. The evaporation of Zn can evidently be reduced by increasing argon pressure above 1 bar, while the evaporation of Pb is not significantly effected by changes of argon pressure.     

Betriebsmittel für mechanische Vakuumpumpen in der chemischen und der verwandten Industrie

All vacuumpummps which use a liquid as a sealing-agent have to take care of their specific demands. In this paper liquid-ring-vacuum-pumps will be short mentioned, because the user is familiar with this pumps and alternative fluids. Using other fluids in other mecanical vacuumpumps are not in operation in the field of the various applications frequently. You will find some ideas for using other fluids which are possibly used in rotary-vane vacuum-pumps to find more consideration in the future.