土城沟海淀段水质达标可行性分析

以土城沟海淀段流域为研究对象,调查和测算该流域点源污染和面源污染,分析污染物负荷量与纳污能力的匹配关系,并对该流域2012-2014年花园路考核断面进行水质状况及变化趋势分析.结果表明:土城沟海淀段无点源污染,污染来源于面源;该流域的污染负荷量与纳污能力不匹配;花园路考核断面的达标率逐年提高,但丰水期的水质状况未达标.主要是河道生态系统不完善,自净能力弱,面源污染比较严重,天然来水少等原因造成了此现象,据此提出相应的治理建议,为今后该河道治理提供参考.     

山楂苦荞醋发酵过程中活性成分及风味物质与抗氧化活性的相关性

该实验研究了山楂苦荞醋发酵过程总多酚、总黄酮、挥发性香气物质与抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表明,总多酚和总黄酮含量在醋酸发酵第7天分别达到2.43 mg/mL和1.29 mg/mL,酒精和醋酸发酵阶段分别检测到58和60种香气物质。羟基自由基清除率、超氧阴离子清除率和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除率在酒精发酵第5天分别达到81.4%、52.3%和99.8%,亚铁离子螯合率在醋酸发酵第1天达到90.6%。总多酚、总黄酮含量与4种抗氧化活性均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,多酚含量与亚铁离子螯合率相关性最高（R=0.984）。发酵过程中共有20种挥发性香气物质与抗氧化活性具有相关性,酒精发酵阶段的12种香气物质与超氧阴离子清除率的相关性较高（R均>0.85）,醋酸发酵阶段的8种香气物质与4种抗氧化能力的相关性均较高（R均>0.85）。     

A MEMS-based gravity gradiometer for future planetary missions

The gradient in the gravity acceleration is of great interest for planetologists when it can be measured with at least 1 E/√Hz. For this purpose several gravity gradiometer designs are considered. A MEMS-based gradiometer made from a single wafer is considered in this article. Using long springs and small attached masses it is possible to reach a sufficiently low Brownian noise level. The proposed readout for this device will be capacitive plates placed in a comb drive configuration. Trapped charges on these plates can cause noticeable errors when there are more than 0.004 electrons/μm². Measurements show that trapped charge mobility goes down with temperature.     

Lipid patches in membrane protein oligomers: crystal structure of the bacteriorhodopsin-lipid complex

Heterogenous nucleation on small molecule crystals causes a monoclinic crystal form of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in which trimers of this membrane protein pack differently than in native purple membranes. Analysis of single crystals by nano-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry demonstrated a preservation of the purple membrane lipid composition in these BR crystals. The 2.9-A x-ray structure shows a lipid-mediated stabilization of BR trimers where the glycolipid S-TGA-1 binds into the central compartment of BR trimers. The BR trimer/lipid complex provides an example of local membrane thinning as the lipid head-group boundary of the central lipid patch is shifted by 5 A toward the membrane center. Nonbiased electron density maps reveal structural differences to previously reported BR structures, especially for the cytosolic EF loop and the proton exit pathway. The terminal proton release complex now comprises an E194-E204 dyad as a diffuse proton buffer.     

Selected area channelling patterns in the scanning electron microscope

A technique is presented and illustrated for generating orientation dependent electron channelling patterns in the scanning electron microscope from small selected areas on the surface of bulk specimens. Methods of reducing the pattern area to 1 to 2 m in diameter are discussed. Numerous applications not previously possible are listed.     

Physicochemical effects of varying fuel composition on knock characteristics of natural gas mixtures

The physicochemical origins of how changes in fuel composition affect autoignition of the end gas, leading to engine knock, are analyzed for a natural gas engine. Experiments in a lean-burn, high-speed medium-BMEP gas engine are performed using a reference natural gas with systematically varied fractions of admixed ethane, propane and hydrogen. Thermodynamic analysis of the measured non-knocking pressure histories shows that, in addition to the expected changes arising from changes in the heat capacity of the mixture, changes in the combustion duration relative to the compression cycle (the combustion “phasing”) caused by variations in burning velocity dominate the effects of fuel composition on the temperature (and pressure) of the end gas. Thus, despite the increase in the heat capacity of the fuel–air mixture with addition of ethane and propane, the change in combustion phasing is actually seen to increase the maximum end-gas temperature slightly for these fuel components. By the same token, the substantial change in combustion duration upon hydrogen addition strongly increases the end-gas temperature, beyond that caused by the decrease in mixture heat capacity. The impact of these variations in in-cylinder conditions on the knock tendency of the fuel have been assessed using autoignition delay times computed using SENKIN and a detailed chemical mechanism for the end gas under the conditions extant in the engine. The results show that the ignition-promoting effect of hydrogen is mainly the result of the increase in end-gas temperature and pressure, while addition of ethane and propane promotes ignition primarily by changing the chemical autoignition behavior of the fuel itself. Comparison of the computed end-gas autoignition delay time, based on the complete measured pressure history of each gas, with the measured Knock-Limited Spark Timing shows that the computed delay time accurately reflects the measured knock tendency of the fuels.