Performance of Green Solvents in the Extraction of Sunflower Oil from Enzyme-Treated Collets

The main goal of this work is to evaluate the extraction of sunflower oil from enzyme-treated collets using ethanol and isopropanol (IPA) as solvents. The sunflower collets are pretreated with the multienzyme complex Viscozyme L prior to solvent extraction by the Soxhlet method. The influence of the moisture content of the collets, pretreatment, processing time, and solvent type on the amount of total extracted material and the oil extraction efficiency is studied. Some quality parameters such as phospholipid content of the oil and chlorogenic acid content of the residual meal are also analyzed. At low moisture content (7%) the solvents exhibit similar oil extraction ability (98–99%), but with increasing moisture the extraction efficiency of ethanol decreases to about 85%, while no significant differences are observed for IPA. The enzymatic treatment increases the extraction efficiency for all times, especially for ethanol. It is observed that IPA is more efficient in the extraction compared to ethanol, and the amount of nonlipid material is reduced by ≈70%. In addition, the oil extracted with IPA have lower phospholipid content and the residual meal presents a higher chlorogenic acid content. Practical Applications:This work would contribute toward the use of green solvents in the extraction of sunflower oil from collets. Ethanol and isopropanol, used as solvents, present attractive advantages, including low toxicity, good operational security, as well as being obtained from a renewable source. The obtained data provide up-to-date information on the use of these alcohols in the extraction of sunflower oil from collets and the influence of operating conditions, such as moisture content, enzymatic pretreatment of the collets, and the extraction time. Information about oil and meal quality is also reported.     

Building language resources for a Multi-Engine English-Filipino machine translation system

In this paper, we present the building of various language resources for a multi-engine bi-directional English-Filipino Machine Translation (MT) system. Since linguistics information on Philippine languages are available, but as of yet, the focus has been on theoretical linguistics and little is done on the computational aspects of these languages, attempts are reported here on the manual construction of these language resources such as the grammar, lexicon, morphological information, and the corpora which were literally built from almost non-existent digital forms. Due to the inherent difficulties of manual construction, we also discuss our experiments on various technologies for automatic extraction of these resources to handle the intricacies of the Filipino language, designed with the intention of using them for the MT system. To implement the different MT engines and to ensure the improvement of translation quality, other language tools (such as the morphological analyzer and generator, and the part of speech tagger) were developed.     

Development and characterization of inks for screen printing of glass solders for SOFCs

Glass ceramics are supposed to produce stable sealants between ceramic electrolyte and ferritic steel in planar SOFC stacks. The screen printing method is a suitable industrial process in order to produce layers with tailored height and width reproducibly. An appropriate suspension was developed for this application and improved by adjusting the additive composition. This study investigates the rheological behavior of screen printing inks and the corresponding topography of the printed layers. Rotary measurements were carried out to analyse the impact of shear rates on viscosity showing shear thinning behavior. In addition, oscillatory rheometry is performed to gain information about the viscoelastic properties of the slurries and to understand the internal structure of the developed inks. The viscoelasticity and the recovery behavior after shear loading are crucial for the topography of printed films. The principal investigations are executed on solvent-based suspensions, whereby the knowledge gained is used for a transfer to water-based systems allowing a more environmentally friendly handling.     

An artist's preference for the pope color system

For the practice of painting and for teaching color theory the Pope color system has distinct advantages over other color systems. Within the Pope color solid all the visual attributes of color are clearly represented and can be visually displayed depending on where the solid is sliced. This helps clarify color terminology and facilitates understanding color relationships. It also has practical advantages for the artist who must have some knowledge of color both conceptually and visually in order to realize the possibilities of their arrangement in a painting.     

Saccadic suppression: A review and an analysis.

Reviews the history of saccadic suppression and describes the suggested causes of the phenomenon. Primary emphasis is placed on "ordinary" saccadic suppression (i.e., decreased sensitivity for stimulation received from the outside environment either during or within a few hundred milliseconds of the time of occurrence of a saccade). However, the suppression of afterimages and entopic images is also considered. Some suggestions are made about the role of suppression in maintaining a stable visual world (constancy of visual direction) when voluntary saccades occur. (98 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

为什么男人要刮胡子

不知道你们怎么想,反正我每天早上都会看我男朋友刮胡子.洗澡、梳头发,刮胡子、刷牙,穿衣服,这简直就是一整套仪式!有一天不知道为什么我突然问他,你为什么要刮胡子?他回答说:"为什么?我也不知道,为了年轻一点,让脸看起来干干净净的,容易亲近吧."     

The role of native grammars in correcting errors in second language learning

This paper describes VP², a system that has been implemented to tutor nonnative speakers in English. This system differs from many tutoring systems by employing an explicit grammar of its user's native language. This grammar enables VP² to customize its responses by addressing problems due to interference of the native language. The system focuses on the acquisition of English verb-particle and verb-prepositional phrase constructions. Its correction strategy is based upon comparison of the native language grammar with an English grammar. VP² is a modular system: its grammar of a user's native language can easily be replaced by a grammar of another language. The problems and solutions presented in this paper are related to the more general question of how modelling previous knowledge facilitates instruction in a new skill.     

The chevreul color system

Chevreul wished to represent in his color system every modification of color, including not only the modifications we observe from pigment mixtures but also those modifications in color that we observe in nature. The latter include the various gradations of light and shade on the surface color of objects which light enables us to perceive. A review and clarification of his color system reveals a logical correlation between these phenomena and the various scales in his color system. Studying these scales and understanding the concepts they represent can be very helpful to painters who wish to represent in their paintings objects in space and light in a naturalistic manner.