STAyING ALIVE: STREET TREE SURVIVAL IN THE INNER-CITy1

A study was conducted from 1978 to late 1984 of the survival of inner-city street trees planted by the Oakland, California urban forestry program. The tree survival rate of approximately 60 to 70 percent from the trees planted in neighborhood parkways through urban forestry sponsored block parties contrasted sharply with less than one percent survival of trees planted earlier by the Model Cities program without community participation or ceremonial plantings. Explanations for the high tree survival were tested using participant observation, interviews with residents, and a small panel. Tree survival was not found to be related to the explanations provided by urban forestry ideology; namely, that residents had been educated to hold both instrumental and expressive values toward trees. Rather, the explanation appeared to be the function of an unintended solution to the issue of parkway ownership. The tree planting process which included species selection meetings and tree planting ceremonies tended to define the parkway trees as a resident's property, thus decreasing the significance of the parkway-property barrier. The generality of the Oakland illustration is discussed.     

CITIZEN PARTICIPATION: Project Renewal in Israel

ABSTRACT: This study on the development of citizen participation in Israel is based on the findings of a case study of Israel's Project Renewal, a comprehensive community renewal and development program which resembles Urban Renewal, Model Cities, and the War on Poverty programs in the US. The author reviews the characteristics of the Israeli political system which traditionally have denied a meaningful role for citizen participation. He compares the practice with the intent of Project Renewal to foster the participation of neighborhood residents. Finally, he comments on the unique v. the universal character of the Israeli experience with citizen participation: Will Israel follow the US pattern of increased citizen participation in community development programs?     

INTROGRESSING PHEROMONE QTL BETWEEN SPECIES: TOWARDS AN EVOLUTIONARY UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFERENTIATION IN SEXUAL COMMUNICATION

As a first step toward understanding how noctuid moths evolve species-specific pheromone communication systems, we hybridized and backcrossed two closely related moth species, Heliothis virescens (Hv) and H. subflexa (Hs), which differ qualitatively and quantitatively in their multi-component sex pheromone blends. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker-based mapping of backcross families to determine which of the 30 autosomes in these moths contained quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the percentages of specific chemical components in the pheromone blends. In two previous backcrosses to Hs, we found a strong depressive effect of Hv-chromosome 22 on the percentage of three acetate components in the pheromone gland. These acetates are present in Hs and absent in Hv. Here, we describe how we introgressed Hv-chromosome 22 into the genomic background of Hs. Selection for Hv-chromosome 22 started from backcross 3 (BC₃) females. All females that had Hv-chromosome 22 and a low percentage of acetates (< 3% of the total amount of pheromone components present) were backcrossed to Hs males. In BC₅ to BC₈, we determined whether Hv-chromosome 22 was present by a) running only the primer pairs that would yield the markers for that chromosome, and/or b) determining the relative percentages of acetates in the pheromone glands. Either or both genotype and phenotype were used as a criterion to continue to backcross these females to Hs males. In BC₉, we confirmed the isolation of Hv-chromosome 22 in the Hs genomic background, and backcrossed the males to Hs females to eliminate the Hv-sex chromosome as well as mitochondrial DNA. The pheromone composition was determined in BC₃, BC₅, and BC₁₁ females with and without Hv-chromosome 22. All backcross females with Hv-chromosome 22 contained significantly less acetates than females without this chromosome. In addition, BC₃ females with Hv-chromosome 22 contained significantly more Z11-16:OH than BC₃ females without Hv-chromosome 22. However, in BC₅ and BC₁₁ females, the correlation between Z11-16:OH and Hv-chromosome 22 was lost, suggesting that there are separate QTL for the acetates and for Z11-16:OH, and that the relative amount of the alcohol component is only affected in epistasis with other (minor) QTL. Now that we have succeeded in isolating the chromosome that has a major effect on acetate production, we can test in behavioral experiments whether the presence of acetates may have been a driving force for a shift in pheromone composition. Such tests are necessary to move towards an evolutionary understanding of the differentiation in sexual communication in Heliothis spp. moths.     

Time dependent upward frequency shifts in the Orbitron MASER

In our experiments with the pulsed Oribtron MASER, we have noted that there is an upward chirp in frequency even though the anode voltage is decreasing. We have found theoretically that this is a natural consequence of the negative-mass instability and the chirp rate can be predicted from this theory. Experimental data we have obtained is also in good agreement with these predictions.     

Control Requirements for Control Systems: Matching Surety To Risk

Abstract

Auditing Software Development: A Manual With Case Studies, by S. Rao Vallabhaneni. John Wiley and Sons (605 Third Avenue, New York, 10158-0012), 1990, 439 pp. Includes a glossary and bibliography. Price: $75.00, plus shipping and handling charges.

Computer Crime: Techniques For Preventing And Detecting Crime In Financial Institutions, by Gregory Wold and Robert Shriver. Bankers Publishing (60 Gould Center, Rolling Meadows IL 60008), 1989, 255 pp. Includes a glossary. Price: $49, with a discount for BAI members.     

Assimilate transport in grapevines -effect of phloem disruption

Assimilate translocation in mature grapevines (cv. Gewürztraminer and cv. Harslevelü) under field conditions was investigated during the growth season by quantifying individual sugars and organic acids in mature leaves, shoot bark and berries, as affected by girdling the shoot just above the bunches. Tissue was sampled at berry set, pea size, veraison and ripeness stages of the vine. Invertase activity was determined in the shoot bark at ripeness. In the leaves, malic acid concentrations reached lowest levels at pea size, but increased thereafter. Tartaric acid decreased after peaking at pea size stage. Tartaric acid concentrations increased with girdling. Despite the increase in leaf age, sucrose concentrations remained virtually stable during the season, emphasising the importance of mature leaves for nourishing bunches. Girdling resulted in a build‐up of sucrose in the leaves. In the bark, malic and tartaric acid stayed more or less the same during the growth period, but increased above the girdle. As a result of phloem disruption, sucrose also increased. The increase in glucose and tartaric acid is believed to result from catabolic cleavage of sucrose by invertase. Invertase activity was evident in the bark (of mature Harslevelü vines) at ripeness, which may indicate involvement in osmotic adjustments and gradients in the bark/phloem structure. In the berries, malic and tartaric acids reached peak concentrations at pea size. The volume increase during the ripening period, and in the case of malic acid also respiratory loss, resulted in a decrease in organic acid concentration. Malic acid continued to decrease after the initial decline, whereas tartaric acid stayed virtually stable. Girdling had no marked effect on organic acid accumulation in the berries. Sucrose concentrations were low during the first part of the season, but increased thereafter. Sucrose concentrations during ripening increased with girdling, which may represent a concentration effect and/or import from the rest of the vine. Sucrose concentrations (in mature Harslevelü vines) were indeed lower below than above the girdle. Comparison of sucrose concentrations in the leaves, bark and berries showed the existence of a decreasing concentration gradient, in line with the source:sink transport concept. An equally prominent decrease in sucrose:glucose ratio in the berries from the start of the ripening period indicates that vacuolar integrity (compartmentation) was affected in the ripening berry, most probably allowing hydrolysis of sucrose by invertase and decreasing osmotic potential within the berry. The results provide further evidence for the hypothesis of an osmotic gradient driven transport to the berry.     

The Fate of Heavy Metals in Pilot-Plant Scale Upflow Sludge-Blanket Clarifiers

T he R emoval of heavy metals and aluminium residuals during upflow sludge-blanket clarification was investigated using a pilot-plant system. Pilot units treating predosed raw water on site were assessed for sludge-blanket formation and stabilization, and were found to produce clarified water of a comparable quality to the main works units after the start-up and stabilization periods were complete. The heavy metals Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni were the only heavy metals detectable at the investigation site and these occurred at concentrations well below guidelines values for potable abstraction and supply.
Mean removals of Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni were about 98, 89, 51, and 30 per cent respectively, during steady-state operation, and Fe, Mn, and Cr all displayed reduced removals during transient changes in surface load, whereas Ni removal appeared to be relatively independent. Aluminium residuals derived from the dosed alum coagulant also showed decreases in removal from about 83 per cent during steady-state operation to between 40 and 50 per cent during transient experiments.