Effect of various surface preparation techniques on the delamination properties of vacuum infused Carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminates (CARALL): Experimentation and numerical simulation

Carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminates (CARALL) are one of the aluminum based Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) which, due to their high strength to weight ratio and good impact resistance are greatly replacing aluminum alloys in aircraft structures. In this research work, interlaminate shear strength of Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) manufactured CARALL has been investigated. Numerical simulation model incorporated with real time material data has been developed to predict the delamination behavior of CARALL laminates. Standard CARALL specimens with different surface morphologies were prepared by electric discharge machining, mechanical, chemical and electrochemical surface treatments. T-peel tests were carried out according to standard ASTM D1876-08 to find out inter laminate shear strength. FMLs made out of mechanically, chemically and electrochemically cleaned metal sheets depicted high interlaminate shear strength. SEM micrographs of failed surfaces verify the high adhesive strength of epoxy. Developed numerical simulation model accurately predicts the delamination behavior of CARALL as observed during experimentation.     

Inhaled Nanoformulated mRNA Polyplexes for Protein Production in Lung Epithelium

Noninvasive aerosol inhalation is an established method of drug delivery to the lung, and remains a desirable route for nucleic‐acid‐based therapeutics. In vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA has broad therapeutic applicability as it permits temporal and dose‐dependent control of encoded protein expression. Inhaled delivery of IVT‐mRNA has not yet been demonstrated and requires development of safe and effective materials. To meet this need, hyperbranched poly(beta amino esters) (hPBAEs) are synthesized to enable nanoformulation of stable and concentrated polyplexes suitable for inhalation. This strategy achieves uniform distribution of luciferase mRNA throughout all five lobes of the lung and produces 101.2 ng g^?1 of luciferase protein 24 h after inhalation of hPBAE polyplexes. Importantly, delivery is localized to the lung, and no luminescence is observed in other tissues. Furthermore, using an Ai14 reporter mouse model it is identified that 24.6% of the total lung epithelial cell population is transfected after a single dose. Repeat dosing of inhaled hPBAE‐mRNA generates consistent protein production in the lung, without local or systemic toxicity. The results indicate that nebulized delivery of IVT‐mRNA facilitated by hPBAE vectors may provide a clinically relevant delivery system to lung epithelium.     

Symmetry analysis of MHD Casson fluid flow for heat and mass transfer near a stagnation point over a linearly stretching sheet with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity

In this article, the impacts of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity on magnetohydrodynamic, heat transfer, and mass transfer flow of a Casson fluid are analyzed on a linearly stretching sheet inserted in a permeable medium along with heat source/sink and viscous dissipation. To reduce the ascendant partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations, Lie group transformation is utilized. Further, the fourth-order Runge–Kutta strategy is utilized to solve the ordinary differential equations numerically. The numerical results obtained for various parameters by employing coding in MATLAB programming are investigated and considered through graphical representation and tables. We anatomize the impacts of distinctive parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions.     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Ionizable Lipid Materials for the In Vivo Delivery of Messenger RNA to B Lymphocytes

B lymphocytes regulate several aspects of immunity including antibody production, cytokine secretion, and T‐cell activation; moreover, B cell misregulation is implicated in autoimmune disorders and cancers such as multiple sclerosis and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. The delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) into B cells can be used to modulate and study these biological functions by means of inducing functional protein expression in a dose‐dependent and time‐controlled manner. However, current in vivo mRNA delivery systems fail to transfect B lymphocytes and instead primarily target hepatocytes and dendritic cells. Here, the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) system that can encapsulate mRNA, navigate to the spleen, transfect B lymphocytes, and induce more than 60 pg of protein expression per million B cells within the spleen is described. Importantly, this LNP induces more than 85% of total protein production in the spleen, despite LNPs being observed transiently in the liver and other organs. These results demonstrate that LNP composition alone can be used to modulate the site of protein induction in vivo, highlighting the critical importance of designing and synthesizing new nanomaterials for nucleic acid delivery.     

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of p-tetranitrocalix[4]arene Derivative

The present study demonstrates the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of the p-tetranitrocalix[4]arene (3). The microbial activity was determined against a variety of microorganisms, i.e., Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 10231, Streptococcus viridans ATCC 12392, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, as well as some fungal species including Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, Aspergillus flavus ATCC 90906, and Candida albicans ATCC 32333. Kirby-Bauer well agar diffusion method was employed for the determination of antimicrobial activity. All the microorganisms were applied to a selective agar medium (Mueller Hinton Agar) for growth. It was observed that compound 3 is considerably effective against selected microorganisms. The MIC values were also evaluated. Thus, from the results it could be deduced that compound 3 may be a valuable addition to the therapeutic index.     

Synthesis of novel hollow microflowers (NHMF) of Nb3O7F,their optical and hydrogen storage properties

A two step, facile surfactant free hydrothermal route was adopted to synthesize Nb₃O₇F novel hollow microflowers (NHMF). Time dependent experiments were performed which suggested Nb₃O₇F-NHMF were formed due to Ostwald-ripening process. Raman spectroscopy was conducted to understand different vibrational modes of Nb₃O₇F-NHMF. Its characteristic band at 692 cm⁻¹ was observed which is associated to NbO₆ octahedron sharing. The bandgap of 3.2 eV was calculated by using UV-VIS-NIR absorption spectrum. Considering importance of layered structures in energy storage applications, hydrogen storage ability of Nb₃O₇F-NHMF were measured for the first time. The maximum values of hydrogen absorption for Nb₃O₇F-NHMF at 373 K and 473 K were 0.789 wt.% and 1.08 wt.%, respectively. The hydrogen storage measurements revealed the potential of Nb₃O₇F-NHMF as prospective material for energy storage applications.     

Synthesis of highly pure single crystalline SnSe nanostructures by thermal evaporation and condensation route

Here we report the synthesis of highly pure single crystalline tin selenide (SnSe) nanospheres by pretreatment of precursors with aqueous ammonia. In this work we have demonstrated that aqueous ammonia not only controls the preferred growth orientation but also controls the morphology of SnSe. Chemical vapor deposition technique was used for the growth of SnSe nanostructures. The optical properties were studied using UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum.     

Synthesis,characterization, enhanced dielectric and antimicrobial properties of WxCu1−xO nanostructures

Herein, we report the chemical synthesis of W_x Cu_1?xO nanostructures with varying concentration of dopant (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05). The as-obtained doped CuO nanostructures have been investigated to evaluate their physio-chemical properties like crystallinity, morphology, optical features and infrared active modes. The dielectric study shows that doping induces a significant increase in real permittivity. In addition, the doped nanostructures also show potential towards inhibition of pathogenic microbes. The antimicrobial activity of prepared nanostructures determined against four different bacterial strains shows that W doped CuO nanostructures possess a strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae and an intermediate activity against E. coli and C. albicans. These finding recognize the use of W doped CuO nanostructures in permittivity materials and bacterial disinfection nanomaterials.     

Synthesis,evolution and hydrogen storage properties of ZnV2O4 glomerulus nano/microspheres: A prospective material for energy storage

We present first study on ZnV₂O₄ glomerulus nano/microspheres synthesize by template free route to expose its hydrogen storage potential. Besides this the evolution of nano/microspheres has been investigated in detail. To reveal possible growth mechanism of these spheres, time-dependent experiments are performed. Reitveld analysis is taken into account for calculation of lattice parameters, crystallite size and strain. From our results, a correlation between lattice parameters and crystallite size is observed. The strain decreases with the increase in reaction time. Hydrogen storage measurement reveals potential of ZnV₂O₄ nanospheres as a prospective material for energy storage applications. These studies can open new avenue of research for hydrogen storage in spinel oxide materials.