Precise Determination of the 3CaO·SiO2 Cells and Interpretation of Their X-Ray Diffraction Patterns

The cell dimensions of pure triclinic 3CaO·SiO₂ and monoclinic 3CaO·SiO₂ solid solution (54CaO·16SiO₂·Al₂O₃·MgO) were determined and the powder diffraction patterns were indexed by the method of precise measurement of the spacings. The lattice constants are expressed in terms of triclinic or monoclinic cells corresponding to pseudo-orthorhombic cells derived from Jeffery's trigonal cell. The apparent lattice constants for pure 3CaO·SiO₂ are a = 12.195 a.u., b = 7.104 au., c = 25.096 a.u., α= 90°, β= 89°44'γ= 89°44'; for 54CaO·16SiO₂.-Al₂O₃MgO, a = 12.246 a.u., b = 7.045 a.u., c = 24.985 a.u., β= 90°04'. Precise lattice constants of Jeffery's monoclinic lattice for 54CaO.-16SiO₂-Al₂O₃·MgO are derived as a = 33.091 a.u., b = 7.045 a.u., c = 18.546 a.u., β= 94°08'. High-temperature X-ray patterns showed that pure triclinic 3CaO·SiO₂ transformed to a monoclinic form at about 920°C. and then to a trigonal form at about 970°C. Monoclinic 54CaO.16SiO₂·Al₂O₃–MgO transformed to trigonal at about 830°C. These transitions were reversible and reproducible and were accompanied by only slight deformation of the structure forms.     

A survey of the physicochemical and microbiological quality of ultra‐heat‐treated whole milk in Brazil during their shelf life

The objective was to evaluate the quality of important brands of ultra‐heat‐treated (UHT) milk marketed in the northern of Parana State, Brazil, during the shelf life of the product. Five brands were analysed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after UHT milk production. The physicochemical quality of the milk was assessed in terms of fat content, titratable acidity, density, freezing point depression, total solids, solids‐not‐fat, proteolysis and alcohol stability. Microbiological quality was assessed by the enumeration of aerobic mesophilic micro‐organisms. None of the brands complied with all the physicochemical standards. Two brands met all applicable microbiological requirements. Gelation was observed from 90 days of storage onwards in all brands.     

Design and Efficiency Evaluation of a High‐Efficiency Induction Motor for Railway Traction

In commuter trains, a large portion of the energy consumption is a result of losses from traction motors. Therefore, highly efficient traction motors would be very effective for saving energy. We developed an induction motor with a high efficiency of 95.5%. This paper presents the design and an efficiency evaluation of a prototype machine.     

Carp Natural Actomyosin: Thermal Denaturation Mechanism

Structural changes of actomyosin, the major protein of muscle, on heating have been estimated on ATPase activity. We investigated carp actomyosin molecule changes on heating based on biophysical and biochemical techniques. Actomyosin molecules began to unfold at ～30°C. Hydrophobic amino acid residues and SH groups, which had been inside the molecule, emerged to the surface. Because of hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds, actomyosin molecules formed aggregates. At > 40°C, a part of myosin molecules was dissociated from actin filaments. Thus, dissociated myosin and the myosin-lacking molecules co-existed. In addition, fragmentation of actin filaments was observed, which was associated with the dissociation of myosin molecules. At ≥ 60 °C actomyosin molecules formed larger aggregates, in which no filamentous shape was observed. This aggregation occurred mainly by formation of SS bonds.     

A Reexamination of the Polymorphism of Ca3SiO5

Polymorphic transitions in CasSiO₆ have been investigated by precise high-temperature X-ray diffractometer measurements and by differential thermal analyses. In addition to change caused by normal thermal expansion, three principal crystallographic transformations take place: α-triclinic–β–triclinic (sluggish) in the range 550° to 700°C; 8-triclinic-monoclinic at 910°± 10°C; and monoclinic-trigonal at 970°± 10°C. The sluggish 550° to 700° C reaction alternatively may be interpreted as two separate triclinic-triclinic transitions, accompanied by broad endothermic heat effects at 575° and 675°C.