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PM Hanno 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,21(1):89-91
Limited data and an accumulated body of anecdotal experience with the tricyclic class of antidepressants suggest that this group of drugs (especially amitriptyline) may be an effective treatment modality in nonulcerative interstitial cystitis. Both the ease of administration and the relatively rapid onset of relief make these types of drugs appropriate to consider for first-line therapy after bladder distention has failed. 相似文献
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Hanno Sachsse 《Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff》1964,22(5):169-174
Zusammenfassung In Erg?nzung früberer Untersuchungen wurden von methacrylat-eingebettetem Zugholz- und Normalfasergewebe vonPopulus euramericana cv.regenerata ultradünne Quer- und L?ngsschnitte hergestellt. Die elektronen-mikroskopische Untersuchung zeigt, da? die Zellwand der Zugholzfaser
aus Mittellamelle, Prim?rwand, den Sekund?rwandschichten 1 bis 3 sowie einer Immenseitigen Abschlu?lamelle besteht. Die S3 stellt dabei die für Zugholzfaser charakteristische gelatin?se (G-)Schicht dar. Die Struktur dieser G-Schicht kann elektronenmikroskopisch
nur durch Herausl?sen des Einbettungsmediums deutlich sichtbar gemacht werden. In solcher Weise behandelte Ultradünnschnitte
lassen erkennen, da? die G-Schicht eine Wabenstruktur besitzt, in der einzelne cellulosische Lamellen durch Haftpunkte miteinander
verbunden sind. Wahrscheinlich sind die Kammern des Wabensystems mit quellbaren Interlamellarsubstanzen ausgefüllt, die in
Verbindung mit der Wabenstruktur die bekannten L?ngszugspannungen im Zugholz verursachen k?nnten. Die Entstehung dieser Spannungen
ist sowohl als Folge einer Quellung, wie auch als Folge einer Entquellung der G-Schicht denkbar. Die M?glichkeit von Strukturver?nderungen
durch die angewendeten Pr?parations vefahren wird ausführlich er?rtert. Es wird nachgewiesen, da? die beschriebeue Wabenstruktur
der G-schicht nicht den wabigen Strukturen entspricht, die sich durch S?urebehandlung in der zentralen Sekund?rwandschicht
normaler Faserzellen erzeugen lassen.
Beitrag zu den Verhandlungen der Arbeitsgruppe Wood Quality der IUFRO-Sektion 41 in Madison, USA, vom 11. bis 13. September 1963. 相似文献
The submicroscopic structure of the fibre cellwall in poplar tensionwood
Summary In addition to preliminary investigations, ultrathin cross-and and longitudinal sections of tensionwood and normal wood tissue from Populus euramericana cv. regenerata were investigated. These tissues were embedded in methacrylate and examined with an electronmicroscope. It was found that the cell wall of tensionwood fibres of this species is composed of middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall. The latter consists of three layers (S1, S2, S3) and is bordered on the lumen side by a terminating lamella. In tensionwood, the S3 appears as a characteristic gelatinous (G) layer. The detailed structure of this G-layer can be clearly seen only when the embedding material is dissolved, its density being very similar to that of the cellulose lamellae of the G-layer. The methacrylate embedding material having been removed, is was found that the G-layer posseses a honeycomb-structure in which the individual cellulose lamellae are firmly connected at irregularly spaced intervals. It is supposed that the interlamellar spaces of this honeycomb-structured G-layer are filled with substances which are able to swell and shrink. It is postulated here that the inherent tensional strains and the resulting longitudinal contraction of tensionwood fibers and tissue, commonly observed, might be caused by either the swelling or shrinking of interlamellar substances within the G-layer. Swelling might cause longitudinal contraction, if these substances swell mostly in radial direction. This radial swelling results in a radial expansion and, consequently, longitudinal contraction of the individual cavities of the honeycomb structure. On the other hand, the commonly observed longitudinal confraction of tensionwood fibres and tissue might also be explained by shrinking. In this case, the interlamellar substances must be mostly isotropic, and thus their shrinking and consequently that of the tensionwood tissue would occur in all directions. The methods used to establish that the honeycomb structure of the G-layer is not an artifact of the preparation, are also described. It is proven that the G-layer structure as described in this paper is not the same as the honeycomb structure produced by the treating of fibre cells of normal wood tissue with acid.
Beitrag zu den Verhandlungen der Arbeitsgruppe Wood Quality der IUFRO-Sektion 41 in Madison, USA, vom 11. bis 13. September 1963. 相似文献
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Kim TH Wang Z Wendelken JF Weitering HH Li W Li AP 《The Review of scientific instruments》2007,78(12):123701
We describe the development and the capabilities of an advanced system for nanoscale electrical transport studies. This system consists of a low temperature four-probe scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and a high-resolution scanning electron microscope coupled to a molecular-beam epitaxy sample preparation chamber. The four STM probes can be manipulated independently with subnanometer precision, enabling atomic resolution STM imaging and four-point electrical transport study of surface electronic systems and nanostructured materials at temperatures down to 10 K. Additionally, an integrated energy analyzer allows for scanning Auger microscopy to probe chemical species of nanostructures. Some testing results are presented. 相似文献
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Waxes are important as building material and for the chemical communication of the honeybee Apis mellifera carnica. In this study chemometric tools were established for classifying the different waxes inside the hive. By using gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry, components of different types of waxes were analyzed. By considering different substance classes of waxes, discriminant function analyses revealed distinct subtypes of comb waxes and of cuticular waxes. It is shown that the aging of comb wax is in part a spontaneous physicochemical process due to differential volatilities of compound classes with different chain length ranges. On the other hand it is directly influenced by the bees by adding lipolytic enzymes to the comb wax. The data suggest that the varying cuticular wax and comb wax compositions could serve as cues for bees to recognize castes, sexes, or comb age. 相似文献
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Chelicerates constitute a basic arthropod group with fossil representatives from as early as the Cambrian period. Embryonic development and the subdivision of the segmented body region into a prosoma and an opisthosoma are very similar in all extant chelicerates. The mode of head segmentation, however, has long been controversial. Although all other arthropod groups show a subdivision of the head region into six segments, the chelicerates are thought to have the first antennal segment missing. To examine this problem on a molecular level, we have compared the expression pattern of Hox genes in the spider Cupiennius salei with the pattern known from insects. Surprisingly, we find that the anterior expression borders of the Hox genes are in the same register and the same relative segmental position as in Drosophila. This contradicts the view that the homologue of the first antennal segment is absent in the spider. Instead, our data suggest that the cheliceral segment is homologous to the first antennal segment and the pedipalpal segment is homologous to the second antennal (or intercalary) segment in arthropods. Our finding implies that chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans, and insects share a single mode of head segmentation, reinforcing the argument for a monophyletic origin of the arthropods. 相似文献