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1.
An algorithm has been developed and tested for steady-state liquid-liquid extraction, using rectangular coordinates. It is capable of handling common types of stagewise contact, i.e., single stage extraction, multistage cross-current, and continuous countercurrent multistage extraction. The results depend on the nature of the extraction scheme and the extent of separation desired. While equilibrium data for some systems are stored in its data bank, the present portable computer simulator ( LIQEXT) has the flexibility of reading equilibrium data for other systems, as well as overriding stored data
Both design and rating cases can be performed. In the design mode, i.e., given the feed and solvent rates and the outlet concentration, it calculates the number of stages, the exit stream flow rates, and the concentration profile. In the rating ( or simulation) mode, i.e., given the feed and solvent rates, and the number of stages, it computes the exit streams flow rates and compositions, and the concentration profile. In both cases a graphical output of the concentration profile is produced, either on the screen or on a hard-copy plotter. 相似文献
Both design and rating cases can be performed. In the design mode, i.e., given the feed and solvent rates and the outlet concentration, it calculates the number of stages, the exit stream flow rates, and the concentration profile. In the rating ( or simulation) mode, i.e., given the feed and solvent rates, and the number of stages, it computes the exit streams flow rates and compositions, and the concentration profile. In both cases a graphical output of the concentration profile is produced, either on the screen or on a hard-copy plotter. 相似文献
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Riham Gharib Jouda Mediouni Ben Jema Catherine Charcosset Sophie Fourmentin Hlne Greige‐Gerges 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2020,122(5)
Eucalyptol (Euc) is a natural monoterpene with insecticide effects. Being highly volatile and sensitive to ambient conditions, its encapsulation would enlarge its application. Euc‐loaded conventional liposomes (CL), cyclodextrin/drug inclusion complex, and drug‐in‐cyclodextrin‐in‐liposomes (DCL) are prepared to protect Euc from degradation, reduce its evaporation, and provide its controlled release. The liposomal suspension is freeze‐dried using hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) as cryoprotectant. The liposomes are characterized before and after freeze‐drying. The effect of Euc on the fluidity of liposomal membrane is also examined. A release study of Euc from delivery systems, in powder and reconstituted forms, is performed by multiple head extraction at 60 °C after 6 months of storage at 4 °C. CL and DCL suspensions are homogeneous, show nanometric vesicles size, spherical shape, and negative surface charge before and after freeze‐drying. Moreover, HP‐β‐CD does not affect the fluidity of liposomes. CL formulations present a weak encapsulation for Euc. The loading capacity of eucalyptol in DCL is 38 times higher than that in CL formulation. In addition, freeze‐dried DCL and HP‐β‐CD/Euc inclusion complex show a higher retention of eucalyptol than CL delivery system. Both carrier systems HP‐β‐CD/Euc and Euc‐loaded DCL decrease Euc evaporation and improve its retention. Practical Applications: Eucalyptol is a natural insecticide. It is highly volatile and poorly soluble in water. To enlarge its application, its encapsulation in three delivery systems (conventional liposomes, cyclodextrin/drug inclusion complex, combined system composed of cyclodextrin inclusion complex and liposome) is studied. In this paper it is proved that cyclodextrin/eucalyptol inclusion complex and eucalyptol‐in‐cyclodextrin‐in‐liposome are effective delivery systems for encalyptol encapsulation, retention, and release. 相似文献
4.
Gerges A.S. Farahi F. Newson T.P. Jones J.D.C. Jackson D.A. 《Electronics letters》1987,23(21):1110-1111
A fibre-optic sensor system exploiting the principles of white-light interferometry is demonstrated. A digital feedback servo ensures that theMach-Zehnder interferometric system is maintained at near-zero optical path difference. 相似文献
5.
C. Ayrault J.S. Chang D. Ewing J.S. Cotton I.E. Gerges J. Burgers 《Journal of aerosol science》2010,41(2):237-241
An experimental investigation was conducted to analyze the absorption characteristics of deposited diesel soot by differential thermal analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography analysis. The results showed that dry diesel soot contained 2–3%w (percent by weight) of water and a maximum of 5%w hydrocarbons. Water wetted soot contained up to 40%w water, while diesel wetted soot contained up to 60%w hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons extracted from the soot were primarily hydrocarbons higher than C12H26 with little evidence of lighter hydrocarbons. 相似文献
6.
Tobias Königer Thomas Rechtenwald Ihab Al-Naimi Thomas Frick Michael Schmidt Helmut Münstedt 《Journal of Coatings Technology and Research》2010,7(2):261-269
A CO2-laser treatment was used to improve the electrical conductivity of coatings of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles on flexible
polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) substrates. The electrical conductivity and the transparency of CO2-laser-treated ITO nanoparticle coatings were characterized with regard to the application as transparent electrodes. Furthermore,
the stability of the electrical conductivity under oscillatory bending was investigated. A specific resistance of 0.12 Ω cm
is obtained by CO2-laser treatment without thermally damaging the PET film. The improvement of the electrical conductivity can be explained
by a slight sinter neck formation. For a film thickness of 3 μm, a sheet resistance of 400 Ω/□ and a transmission in the visible
range of 80% were achieved. The stability of the electrical conductivity of CO2-laser-treated ITO nanoparticle coatings under bending was investigated using a specially constructed device for the application
of various oscillatory bending loads. For a bending radius of 10 mm, the sheet resistance does not exceed 1000 Ω/□ after 300
bending cycles. Compared to commercial sputtered ITO coatings, CO2-laser-treated ITO nanoparticle coatings show a significant higher stability under oscillatory bending. 相似文献
7.
Alireza Sayyidmousavi Habiba Bougherara Ihab El Sawi Zouheir Fawaz 《Polymer Composites》2016,37(5):1407-1414
The viscoelastic behavior of a RP46 polyimide resin is characterized at high temperature and the results are used within a micromechanical model to predict the viscoelastic response of a RP46 based carbon fiber composite. The creep master curve of the neat resin is obtained using the time temperature superposition principle (TTSP) from creep tests at three different temperatures, namely 180, 220, and 270°C. The viscoelastic behavior of RP46 is modeled based on Schapery's single integral constitutive equation whose Prony Series coefficients are obtained from the master curve. The acquired properties are then incorporated into a Simplified Unit Cell Micromechanical model to study the creep response of a RP46 resin based composite system. The advantage of this particular micromechanical model lies in its ability to give closed form expressions for the effective viscoelastic response of unidirectional composites as well as each of their constituents. Two types of nonlinearities were observed, one due to stress and the other due to temperature. Both of these nonlinearities can be modeled through the use of proper coefficients in the constitutive equation of the matrix material. The model predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental results obtained from tests conducted on the RP46 resin based composite system. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1407–1414, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
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9.
Ihab H. Farag Hisham M. Ettouney C.B. Chidambara Raj 《Chemical Engineering Communications》1989,79(1):47-63
A time dependent and one-dimensional model is developed to analyze the performance of three-phase fluidized reactors and is applied to the fermentation of glucose to ethanol. The reactor model takes into consideration the presence of three different phases; the yeast (solid) which is continuously fluidized by the liquid stream, the gas bubbles which greatly enhance mixing and the wake phase which follows the tracks of the gas bubbles. The reactor performance is analyzed as a function of major operating conditions. The analysis includes variations in dispersion of glucose and yeast inside the reactor, the concentration of glucose in feed, and of the yeast mass inside the reactor, reaction temperature, velocities of gas and liquid feeds, and reactor aspect ratio. Computed glucose conversion is presented as a function of reactor length and time. The results indicate that high glucose conversions can be obtained at high gas velocities, low liquid flow rates, large aspect ratios, high yeast concentration, and an optimum operating temperature of 36°C, 相似文献
10.
Ihab El Sawi Zouheir Fawaz Redouane Zitoune Habiba Bougherara 《Journal of Materials Science》2014,49(5):2338-2346
In this paper we investigated the fatigue damage of a unidirectional flax-reinforced epoxy composite using infrared (IR) thermography. Two configurations of flax/epoxy composites layup were studied namely, [0]16 unidirectional ply orientation and [±45]16. The high cycle fatigue strength was determined using a thermographic criterion developed in a previous study. The fatigue limit obtained by the thermographic criterion was confirmed by the results obtained through conventional experimental methods (i.e., Stress level versus Number of cycles to failure). Furthermore, a model for predicting the fatigue life using the IR thermography was evaluated. The model was found to have a good predictive value for the fatigue life. In order to investigate the mechanism of damage initiation in flax/epoxy composites and the damage evolution, during each fatigue test we monitored the crack propagation for a stress level and at different damage stages, a direct correlation between the percentage of cracks and the mean strain was observed. 相似文献