Polymer derived ceramic materials from Si,B and MoSiB filler-loaded perhydropolysilazane precursor for oxidation protection

Silica-based coating systems were developed using polymer derived ceramics (PDCs) technology. Ceramic composites on the base of a SiO₂ and SiNO matrix and homogeneously distributed Mo₅SiB₂, SiB₆, Si and B fillers were manufactured. The coating systems have low porosity and provide a high oxidation resistance up to 100 h at 800 °C and 1100 °C in air. The influence of temperature and atmosphere of pyrolysis on the polymer precursor, the volume fraction of filler materials on the chemical composition of compacts as well as their high-temperature oxidation protection was investigated.     

Photoalignment dynamics of azo dyes series with different coordination metals

There are many photoaligned azo dyes that can be used for orientation of liquid crystals in various display devices. However, the structure of these compounds needs to be optimized to increase the rate of the process of molecule photoalignment, as well as to spread the application of these compounds. The main coordination metal that presents in the molecules of azo dyes is sodium derivatives. The use of other alkali metals remains an open question. We used quantum‐chemical computation methods and reversible intermolecular bonding model to determine the effect of metal coordination on the velocity of photoalignment. The theoretical predictions were experimentally verified using sodium, potassium, lithium, and cesium salts of the model azo dye synthesized by us. We conclude that potassium azo derivatives are the fastest, ceteris paribus.     

Object-based analysis and change detection of major wetland cover types and their classification uncertainty during the low water period at Poyang Lake, China

Productive wetland systems at land-water interfaces that provide unique ecosystem services are challenging to study because of water dynamics, complex surface cover and constrained field access. We applied object-based image analysis and supervised classification to four 32-m Beijing-1 microsatellite images to examine broad-scale surface cover composition and its change during November 2007-March 2008 low water season at Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake-wetland system in China (> 4000 km²). We proposed a novel method for semi-automated selection of training objects in this heterogeneous landscape using extreme values of spectral indices (SIs) estimated from satellite data. Dynamics of the major wetland cover types (Water, Mudflat, Vegetation and Sand) were investigated both as transitions among primary classes based on maximum membership value, and as changes in memberships to all classes even under no change in a primary class. Fuzzy classification accuracy was evaluated as match frequencies between classification outcome and a) the best reference candidate class (MAX function) and b) any acceptable reference class (RIGHT function). MAX-based accuracy was relatively high for Vegetation (≥ 90%), Water (≥ 82%), Mudflat (≥ 76%) and the smallest-area Sand (≥ 75%) in all scenes; these scores improved with the RIGHT function to 87-100%. Classification uncertainty assessed as the proportion of fuzzy object area within a class at a given fuzzy threshold value was the highest for all classes in November 2007, and consistently higher for Mudflat than for other classes in all scenes. Vegetation was the dominant class in all scenes, occupying 41.2-49.3% of the study area. Object memberships to Vegetation mostly declined from November 2007 to February 2008 and increased substantially only in February-March 2008, possibly reflecting growing season conditions and grazing. Spatial extent of Water both declined and increased during the study period, reflecting precipitation and hydrological events. The “fuzziest” Mudflat class was involved in major detected transitions among classes and declined in classification accuracy by March 2008, representing a key target for finer-scale research. Future work should introduce Vegetation sub-classes reflecting differences in phenology and alternative methods to discriminate Mudflat from other classes. Results can be used to guide field sampling and top-down landscape analyses in this wetland.     

Resource potential for wind-hydrogen power in Ukraine

The paper provides an assessment of the current wind energy potential in Ukraine, and discusses developmental prospects for wind-hydrogen power generation in the country. Hydrogen utilization is a highly promising option for Ukraine's energy system, environment, and business. In Ukraine, an optimal way towards clean zero-carbon energy production is through the development of the wind-hydrogen sector. In order to make it possible, the energy potential of industrial hydrogen production and use has to be studied thoroughly.Ukraine possesses huge resources for wind energy supply. At the beginning of 2020, the total installed capacity of Ukrainian wind farms was 1.17 GW. Wind power generation in Ukraine has significant advantages in comparison to the use of traditional sources such as thermal and nuclear energy.In this work, an assessment of the wind resource potential in Ukraine is made via the geographical approach suggested by the authors, and according to the «Methodical guidelines for the assessment of average annual power generation by a wind turbine based on the long-term wind speed observation data». The paper analyses the long-term dynamics of average annual wind speed at 40 Ukrainian weather stations that provide valid data. The parameter for the vertical wind profile model is calculated based on the data reanalysis for 10 m and 50 m altitudes. The capacity factor (CF) for modern wind turbine generators is determined. The CF spatial distribution for an average 3 MW wind turbine and the power generation potential for the wind power plants across the territory of Ukraine are mapped.Based on the wind energy potential assessment, the equivalent possible production of water electrolysis-derived green hydrogen is estimated. The potential average annual production of green hydrogen across the territory of Ukraine is mapped.It is concluded that Ukraine can potentially establish wind power plants with a total capacity of 688 GW on its territory. The average annual electricity production of this system is supposed to reach up to 2174 bln kWh. Thus, it can provide an average annual production of 483 billion Nm³ (43 million tons) of green hydrogen by electrolysis. The social efficiency of investments in wind-hydrogen electricity is presented.     

Statistical and electrical properties of the conduction electrons of a metal nanosphere in the region of metal-insulator transition

Statistical and electrical properties of the conduction electrons of a silver or gold sphere with a radius from 1 to 2 nm are shown to differ drastically from the properties of electrons in a bulk metal sample. If the radius of a noble metal sphere decreases from 10 to 1 nm, its conductivity oscillates around the bulk metal value with increasing amplitude and drops at the ''magic’ numbers of electrons. These numbers are equal to 186, 198, 254, 338, 440, 556, 676, 832, 912, 1,284, 1,502, and 1,760, in agreement with various experimental data. We show that the conductivity and capacitance of a metal nanosphere can be changed by several orders of magnitude by adding or removing just a few electrons.     

Dielectric and thermal studies of segmental dynamics in silica/PDMS and silica/titania/PDMS nanocomposites

Effects of silica and silica/titania nanoparticles on glass transition and segmental dynamics of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) were studied for composites of a core–shell type using differential scanning calorimetry, thermally stimulated depolarization current, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy techniques. Strong interactions between the filler and the polymer suppress crystallinity (T_c, X_c) and affect significantly the evolution of the glass transition in the nanocomposites. The segmental relaxation associated with the glass transition consists of three contributions, arising, in the order of decreasing mobility, from the bulk (unaffected) amorphous polymer fraction (α relaxation), from polymer chains restricted between condensed crystal regions (α_c relaxation), and from the semi‐bound polymers in an interfacial layer with strongly reduced mobility due to interactions with surface hydroxyls of silica and silica/titania nanoparticles (α′ relaxation). The evolution of surface affected CH₃ groups, as well as the degree of interaction of PDMS molecules with surface hydroxyl groups as a function of treatment temperature, was assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The effectiveness of silica/PDMS and silica/titania/PDMS nanocomposites as hydrophobic coatings was investigated by static contact angle measurements. It was shown that the presence of titania nanoparticles and adsorbed PDMS promotes the hydrophobic properties of the PDMS coating after treatment in the 80–650°C range. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41154.     

Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of potato peel,sugar beet pulp and sesame cake

BACKGROUND: Growing interest in the replacement of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on vegetable sources and screening of raw materials to identify new antioxidants. The food‐processing industry generates substantial quantities of phenolic‐rich by‐products that could be valuable natural sources of antioxidants. In this study the antioxidant properties and total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of three industrial by‐products, sugar beet pulp, sesame cake and potato peel, extracted with various solvents were examined. Since different antioxidant compounds have different mechanisms of action, several methods were used to assess the antioxidant efficacy of extracts. RESULTS: Among the six solvents tested, methanol gave the highest extract yield of potato peel and sugar beet pulp, while diethyl ether gave the highest extract yield of sesame cake. Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for phenolic compounds, with total phenolics amounting to 2.91, 1.79 and 0.81 mg gallic acid equivalent g^?1 dry weight in potato peel, sugar beet pulp and sesame cake extracts respectively, and also showed the strongest antioxidant capacity in the three assays used. All three methods proved that potato peel extract had the highest antioxidant activity owing to its high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. CONCLUSION: On the basis of the results obtained, potato peel, sugar beet pulp and sesame cake extracts could serve as natural antioxidants owing to their significant antioxidant activity. Therefore they could be used as preservative ingredients in the food and/or pharmaceutical industries. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Potentiometric sensor for the indomethacin determination

A potentiometric indomethacin-selective sensor based on Rhodamine B indomethacinate ion-pair (IP) as a membrane carrier is reported. Influences of the membrane composition, pH, and possible interfering ions were investigated on the response properties of the electrode. The sensor exhibits significantly enhanced response toward indomethacinate ions over the concentration range 1 × 10^? 4 mol L^? 1 to 5 × 10^? 2 mol L^? 1 with a lower detection limit (LDL) of 3 × 10^? 5 mol L^? 1 and a slope of ? 60 mV decade^? 1. Fast and stable response, good reproducibility, long-term stability, applicability over a pH range of 6–10 is demonstrated. The proposed electrode shows good discrimination of indomethacin from several inorganic and organic ions. The proposed sensor has been applied for the direct potentiometric determination of indomethacin in pharmaceutical preparations.     

Compensation for subpixel roughness effects in thermal infrared images

Emissivity spectra recovered from spectral radiance images may have lowered spectral contrast due to irradiance from nearby surface elements (‘cavity effect’). For analysis based only on photointerpretation or Reststrahlen band identification, it is not always necessary to account for cavity effects, but for full spectral analysis it may be desirable. We present an approach to compensate thermal infrared (TIR) images for cavity radiation. This approach is based on optical estimates of subpixel surface roughness and estimation of cavity contribution for different natural surfaces using a TIR radiosity model. It was tested using tripod-mounted Hyper-Cam (Telops, Inc., Quebec City, Canada) hyperspectral TIR images of natural targets from the Mojave Desert, California, USA, along with centimetre-scale digital elevation models of similar targets measured by ground lidar. For remote subpixel roughness estimation, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) nadir- and aft-looking (27.6°) near-infrared (NIR) brightness ratios, as well as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images calibrated to roughness root mean square (RMS), were used. The TIR compensation approach is adaptable for different spectral resolutions, including hyperspectral.