p-Chlorostyrene oligomers. Preparation,structure, and stereochemistry

The dimer and trimer obtained by the pyrolysis of poly(p-chlorostyrene) were 2,4-di(p-chlorophenyl)-1-butene and 2,4,6-tri(p-chlorophenyl)-1-hexene, respectively, while those obtained by the cationic oligomerization of p-chlorostyrene were trans-1,3-di(p-chlorophenyl)-1-butene and a diastereomeric pair of trans-1,3,5-tri-(p-chlorophenyl)-1-hexene.     

On site experiments of the slanted soil treatment systems for domestic gray water.

In order to make a breakthrough for the acute problem of water shortage in the world, the key words "decentralization and re-use" are very important for new sustainable sanitation systems that will be developed. Therefore, we focused on a new treatments system called "a slanted soil treatment system" which combines a biotoilet system with a domestic grey water treatment system. Because this system is a low cost and compact system, the system can be easily introduced to homes in urban areas or in the suburbs of cities in many developing countries. In this study, we performed on site experiments carried out on Shikoku Island, Japan, for several years. We obtained the following results. The slanted soil treatment system could remove organic pollutants and total nitrogen and total phosphorus in grey water effectively. Furthermore, the system performance became high in the case of the high concentration of the influent water. The nitrification reaction and denitrification reaction were speculated to exist due to aerobic zones and anaerobic zones present in the slanted soil treatment system. The slanted soil treatment system could perform for approximately 3 years with zero maintenance. The plug flow model of 1st order reaction kinetics could describe the reaction in the slanted soil treatment system. However, it is necessary to improve the system to maintain the performance in all seasons.     

Phosphinated polydiacetylene. Its preparation and use for support of rhodium complex catalyst

The reaction of poly(1,6-bis(p-toluene sulfonate)-2,4-hexadiyne) with lithiodiphenylphosphine gives a phosphinated polymer of a stiff chain. Complexation of the polymer with [RhCl(C₈H₁₄)₂]₂ (C₈H₁₄=cyclooctene) affords an active catalyst for the hydrogenation of conjugated olefins. Some properties of the polymer-bound rhodium complexes are described.     

Solid-state polymerization of derivatives of 2,4,6-octatriyne: 9. Topochemical reactions of monomers with conjugated triple bonds

The solid-state polymerization of monomers with three conjugated triple bonds gives rise to polymer single crystals. The lattice parameters of the polymers from 2,4,6-octatriyne-1,8-diol and 2,4,6-octatriyne-1,8-diol-bis(phenyl urethane) were determined. Based on these data and considering the mechanical properties and dichroism of the polymer crystals, it is concluded that polymerization proceeds according to a 1,4-addition to the triple bond system of the monomers. Only two of the three triple bonds of the monomers are affected by polymerization to form the polymer backbone of regularly alternating double, single and triple bonds. The residual triple bond is regularly arranged in the all-trans position as part of the substituents. The kinetics of the thermal and photopolymerization of these monomers are quite similar to those of the corresponding diynes. The activation energy of thermal polymerization was found to be 23 kcal/mol as compared to 19 kcal/mol for comparable diynes. The long wavelength limit of photosensitivity was found to be at about 380 nm as compared to 330 nm for diynes.     

Effect of oxygen on intensity exponents of radiation-induced polymerization rates

Gamma radiation-induced graft polymerization to natural rubber in benzene solution (solution grafting), graft polymerization to natural rubber latex (Emulsion grafting), and emulsion polymerization of three vinyl monomers—styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN), were carried out under air atmosphere to compare the radiation intensity exponent of each polymerization rate under air atmosphere with that under nitrogen atmosphere or under vacuum. The intensity exponents of the solution grafting both under air atmosphere and under exclusion of air were found to be numerals near one half. This indicates prevailing normal radical mechanism. However, the intensity exponents of the emulsion grafting under air atmosphere were found to be 0.94, 1.00, and 0.82 for St, MMA, and AN, respectively, and those of the emulsion polymerization under air atmosphere, 0.16 and 0.15 for St and MMA, respectively, although those of both emulsion grafting and emulsion polymerization under exclusion of air were found to be numerals near to one half except for that of emulsion polymerization of AN. For emulsion grafting, the initiating species is considered to be trunk polymer radical but the terminating species is assumed to be the radical(s) produced in the water phase in the presence of oxygen. For emulsion polymerization, both initiating and terminating species are assumed to be the radical(s) produced in the water phase in the presence of oxygen.     

Effect of unwelded length on behaviour of brittle crack arrest in T-joint structure

In the large heat input weld joint of heavy gauge steel plate used for large container carriers, a brittle crack possibly propagates straight along a weld joint without diverging to the base metal. This phenomenon is discussed for its application to the large heat input weld of heavy gauge plate to ship structures. In this study, to arrest a brittle crack at the T-joint embedding unwelded face, the effect of the unwelded face on behaviour of brittle crack propagation/arrest in the T-joint structure was investigated and analysed. The ESSO test of the T-joint structure was carried out, supposing that a brittle crack which propagates along a weld joint of hatch coaming rush into T-joint of hatch coaming and strength deck. The test results showed that the brittle crack arrested at the T-joint embedding the unwelded face, and the brittle crack arrested easier, the longer the unwelded face. The results of static FEM analysis showed that the stress intensity factor of the brittle crack was increased by the unwelded face, until the brittle crack reached a flange. However, when the brittle crack propagated into the flange, the stress intensity factor of the brittle crack was decreased by the unwelded face. The crack-arrest effect of the unwelded face appears after the brittle crack propagates into the flange.     

DEGRADATION AND STABILISATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS

The adsorption of 4-methylbiphenyl, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDBS), and phenol on a β-cyclodextrin epichlorohydrin network polymers at 25°C has been studied. The isotherm of 4-methylbiphenyl fits well with the Freundlich equation at a concentration range from 10^?5 to 10^?4 mol/l. The isotherms of NaDBS and phenol deviate from a straight line in the investigated concentration range.     

Preparation and properties of selectively p-chlorinated polystyrene

Polystyrene has been chlorinated in the liquid phase by SbCl₃ catalyst combined with 10-trifluoroacetylphenothiazine to afford a polymer, which is represented by the formula . The aromatic substitution reaction (x > 1) occurs predominantly at the p-position, the ratio of p- to o-chlorination being 10-12. The intrinsic viscosity of the toluene solution at 30°C decreases with content of chlorine, x. The refractive index, n_D, increases with x. The n_D value of a 25.05% chlorine-containing polymer (x ? 1) is 1.6041.     

Calcium carbonate modified with 1,2-polybutadiene. A potential reinforcing filler for synthetic rubber

Calcium carbonate modified with 1,2-polybutadiene using aluminum chloride as the catalyst is described. The polybutadiene-modified surface is shown to be sufficiently hydrophobic by a wettability test and by the measurement of adsorptive capacity for benzene. The polybutadiene modification is capable of performing a desired protective function from water penetration and of reacting with the polymer matrix on curing. The availability as a reinforcing filler for SBR is shown.