Recycling of multilayer packaging using a reversible cross-linking adhesive

Plastic-based multilayer packaging has an important function on the packaging market, but is currently not recyclable as the polymer layers used are usually thermodynamically immiscible. This work therefore follows the approach to prepare separable multilayer packaging using a packaging adhesive modified with thermally unstable adducts, and proposes a corresponding recycling process. For this purpose, typical multilayer structures (polyethylene (PE)// polyethylene terephtalate (PET), PET//aluminum, and PE//aluminum) were prepared by curing furan-/maleimide-functionalized polyurethane (PU)-prepolymers with a three-functional cross-linking agent. Adhesions of up to over 3N per 15 mm test specimen were measured or substrate failures of PET films were observed. However, heating in dimethylsulfoxide, the retro-Diels–Alder reaction takes place and the cross-linked adhesive turns thermoplastic and dissolves in the solvent. Thus, the laminate separates and the pure PE, PET, and aluminum foils can be recovered without any PU residue.     

Plumbagin,a Biomolecule with (Anti)Osteoclastic Properties

Plumbagin is a plant-derived naphthoquinone that is widely used in traditional Asian medicine due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Additionally, plumbagin is cytotoxic for cancer cells due to its ability to trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and subsequent apoptosis. Since it was reported that plumbagin may inhibit the differentiation of bone resorbing osteoclasts in cancer-related models, we wanted to elucidate whether plumbagin interferes with cytokine-induced osteoclastogenesis. Using C57BL/6 mice, we unexpectedly found that plumbagin treatment enhanced osteoclast formation and that this effect was most pronounced when cells were pre-treated for 24 h with plumbagin before subsequent M-CSF/RANKL stimulation. Plumbagin caused a fast induction of NFATc1 signalling and mTOR-dependent activation of p70S6 kinase which resulted in the initiation of protein translation. In line with this finding, we observed an increase in RANK surface expression after Plumbagin stimulation that enhanced the responsiveness for subsequent RANKL treatment. However, in Balb/c mice and Balb/c-derived RAW264.7 macrophages, these findings could not be corroborated and osteoclastogenesis was inhibited. Our results suggest that the effects of plumbagin depend on the model system used and can therefore either trigger or inhibit osteoclast formation.     

Characterization and tests of planar Co3O4 model catalysts prepared by chemical vapor deposition

The chemical vapor deposition method was used to deposit thin films of cobalt oxide starting with cobalt (II) acetylacetonate and oxygen. The deposition process was investigated and the obtained films were identified as a cubic spinel-type polycrystalline Co₃O₄ with a crystallite size of 30–40 nm. The coating was carbon-free and the surface oxygen concentration was measured to be 66 at.% with AES analysis. Smooth and highly uniform thin films were deposited on planar stainless steel substrates and subjected to TPR and catalysis tests that show positive correlation. The apparent activation energy of Co₃O₄ reduction to CoO was measured to be (33±5) kJ/mol. The catalytic activity of Co₃O₄ was investigated toward the conversion of both propane and ethanol to carbon dioxide. Though the catalytic action was registered at the same temperature, the deactivation process was seen to be different. The catalytic conversion of ethanol induces a fast deactivation process, which was linked to its high ability to reduce Co₃O₄.     

Characterisation of the adsorption sites of hydrogen on Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

A key component of a hydrogen fuel cell is a catalyst to dissociate dihydrogen to hydrogen atoms. In the present study, the adsorption of hydrogen on Pt/C fuel cell catalysts has been investigated by inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy.

Monitoring a clean Pt(50%)/C catalyst with low energy neutron spectroscopy, after exposure to dihydrogen at 20 K, as it was heated to room temperature, showed three distinct temperature regimes: (i) a decrease in intensity from 10 to 60 K, (ii) a rise to a maximum between 60 and 120 K and then (iii) a slow fall-off towards room temperature. We assign the three regions as: (i) desorption of physisorbed dihydrogen, (ii) dissociation of dihydrogen to give an adsorbed layer and (iii) damping of the response by an increasing Debye–Waller factor.

The vibrational INS spectra of a series of Pt/C catalysts prepared under varying conditions were similar indicating that the same types of site are common to all the catalysts, although the relative proportions of each site are sample dependent. Features at 520, 950 and part of the intensity at 1300 cm⁻¹ are assigned to hydrogen on (1 1 1) faces, in good agreement with single crystal data. The mode at 640 cm⁻¹ is assigned as the doubly degenerate asymmetric stretch of Pt(1 0 0) faces with the symmetric stretch near 550 cm⁻¹.

We assign the bending mode of the on-top site to the feature at 470 cm⁻¹. The Pt–H stretch mode was observed at 2079 cm⁻¹. This is a significant result: this is the first time that hydrogen on the on-top sites has been observed on nanosized platinum particles supported on high surface area carbon black. The width of the INS peak is surprisingly large and may give additional information on the type and relative proportions of the crystallographic faces present on the catalyst particles.     

Parallel evolution using multi-chromosome cartesian genetic programming

Parallel and distributed methods for evolutionary algorithms have concentrated on maintaining multiple populations of genotypes, where each genotype in a population encodes a potential solution to the problem. In this paper, we investigate the parallelisation of the genotype itself into a collection of independent chromosomes which can be evaluated in parallel. We call this multi-chromosomal evolution (MCE). We test this approach using Cartesian Genetic Programming and apply MCE to a series of digital circuit design problems to compare the efficacy of MCE with a conventional single chromosome approach (SCE). MCE can be readily used for many digital circuits because they have multiple outputs. In MCE, an independent chromosome is assigned to each output. When we compare MCE with SCE we find that MCE allows us to evolve solutions much faster. In addition, in some cases we were able to evolve solutions with MCE that we unable to with SCE. In a case-study, we investigate how MCE can be applied to to a single objective problem in the domain of image classification, namely, the classification of breast X-rays for cancer. To apply MCE to this problem, we identify regions of interest (RoI) from the mammograms, divide the RoI into a collection of sub-images and use a chromosome to classify each sub-image. This problem allows us to evaluate various evolutionary mutation operators which can pairwise swap chromosomes either randomly or topographically or reuse chromosomes in place of other chromosomes.     

The influence of text modality on learning with static and dynamic visualizations

In this study we investigated the influence of text modality on learning with static and dynamic visualizations in a dynamic domain, namely the physical principles underlying fish locomotion. A 2 × 2-design with type of visualization (static vs. dynamic) and text modality (spoken vs. written) as independent variables was used. Concerning learning outcomes, it was hypothesized that (1) learners presented with dynamic visualizations would outperform learners presented with static visualizations, (2) learners presented with spoken text would outperform learners presented with written text, and (3) an interaction between type of visualization and modality would occur: the superiority of dynamic over static visualizations was expected to be more pronounced for spoken compared to written text. Subjective cognitive load measures were assessed and expected to mirror the aforementioned pattern of learning outcomes in accordance with Cognitive Load Theory (i.e., higher extraneous cognitive load (ECL) related to lower learning outcomes). For transfer tasks, the first two hypotheses could be confirmed. However, there was no interaction. Moreover, ECL was rated higher by subjects when learning with static compared to dynamic visualizations, but there were no differences for ECL with respect to the text modality. The results are discussed within the framework of Cognitive Load Theory.