Pin&Play: the surface as network medium

Integrating appliances in the home through a wired network often proves to be impractical: routing cables is usually difficult, changing the network structure afterward even more so, and portable devices can only be connected at fixed connection points. Wireless networks are not the answer either: batteries have to be regularly replaced or changed, and what they add to the device's size and weight might be disproportionate for smaller appliances. In Pin&Play, we explore a design space in between typical wired and wireless networks, investigating the use of surfaces to network objects that are attached to it. This article gives an overview of the network model, and describes functioning prototypes that were built as a proof of concept.     

Solid-state13C NMR investigations of insoluble deposits in aromatic bitters

Insoluble deposit formed in aromatic bitters produced from alcoholic extracts of about 30 different botanical materials with a dry matter content of 1.67% and 38 vol% alcohol and a characteristic astringent flavour was shown by¹³C NMR spectroscopy to be a coprecipitate of plant polyphenols, proteins and carbohydrates. The polyphenols in the deposit were flavonoids such as anthocyanidins and anthocyanins, with glucose as the principal carbohydrate and derivatives of cinnamic acid. The deposit formation in the aromatic bitters was accelerated by addition of the radical initiator 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride or by addition of hydrogen peroxide in combination with iron(III) nitrate and ascorbic acid as a Fenton reagent. Polymerization of catechin and pelargonidin was shown, in model experiments, to be oxidative and to be accelerated by exposure to light. A mechanism involving oxidative polymerization of polyphenols followed by coprecipitation of polymerized polyphenols, proteins and carbohydrates is proposed for formation of deposits in alcoholic beverages of the bitters type.     

Managing Project Transformation in a Complex Context

Complex projects are often undertaken in uncertain situations in which project participants who adopt a rational‐oriented strategy tend to face difficulties in adapting and adjusting to changes that occur during the project. In this context a process‐oriented strategy, although difficult to manage, can be a better way to handle project transformation. Collective learning then becomes crucial. This article describes some lessons learned when a project manager and team applied a process‐oriented strategy in a complex project. Data has been collected through interactive research and evaluation with different methods including surveys, observations and interviews. The analysis shows that it is possible to organize for learning and to manage transformation in a complex context. Important factors for success are a process‐oriented strategy, a creative climate, formative evaluation and systematic reflections. A major issue that is discussed in the article is the transfer of outcomes from the project to the participating organizations.     

Mobile genetic elements, chiasmata, and the unique organization of beta-heterochromatin

Beta-heterochromatin in Drosophila and the Syrian hamster share a similar DNA organization, few unique sequences, and scrambled repeats of mobile elements without tandem repetition. DNA in alpha-heterochromatin is tandemly repetitious, and we now show that the repeat unit can either contain or lack a mobile element. The tandem repeat organization of alpha-heterochromatin is presumably due to a concertina-like mechanism of unequal exchange between repeat units. Although both heterochromatin types are late replicating and can incorporate mobile retroposons, the sequence distinction between the two heterochromatins appears to be due to a property conferred by chiasmata upon the process of homologous recombination in beta-heterochromatin but not in alpha-heterochromatin. Chiasmata seem to suppress the concertina mechanism of unequal exchange and impart to beta-heterochromatin its nontandem, scrambled repeat organization.     

Notch sensitivity of thermoset and thermoplastic laminates loaded in tension

Inplane tensile fracture of unnotched and notched thermoset graphite-epoxy and thermoplastic graphite-PEEK composite laminates is examined. Both fibre-dominated quasi-isotropic and matrix dominated ±45 angle-ply layups were investigated.Classical lamination theory predictions of elastic and strength properties of unnotched specimens are compared with experiments. Several notched geometries, i.e. centre-notched, double-edge notched and open-hole specimens subjected to tensile loading to fracture were examined. The notched strength of the quasi-isotropic laminates was analysed by a damage zone model, where damage around the notch is represented by an equivalent crack with cohesive force acting between the crack surfaces.Good agreement between experimental and calculated strength was observed for the graphite-epoxy laminates which failed in a collinear manner. For the graphite-PEEK laminates discrepancies between predicted and experimental strength are related to observed deviations from collinear crack growth. The angle-ply graphite-PEEK laminates showed larger notch sensitivity than the corresponding graphite-epoxy, probably due to less degree of stress relieving damage formation around the notch.     

Storage life of frozen salmonoids Effect of light and packaging conditions on carotenoid oxidation and lipid oxidation

Summary The combined effect of oxygen transmission of packaging material and of exposure to light with different spectral distribution on the oxidative degradation of carotenoids and lipids in frozen salmonoids has been characterized in a storage experiment with steaks of rainbow trout. The degradation of the carotenoid astaxanthin, as followed by HPLC analysis and tristimulus colorimetric measurement, was sensitive to the radiant flux density of UV light and less sensitive to the oxygen transmission rate of the packaging material, in agreement with previous findings for photooxidation of carotenoids in food model systems. This is in contrast to the lipid oxidation, which was found to be dependent on the accessability of oxygen rather than on exposure to UV light. Formation of peroxides in the product culminated after 3 months of storage (up to 8.4 mEq kg^–1 oil), and preceded the formation of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances. The product in packaging material with a high oxygen transmission rate (60 cm³ m^–2 bar^–1 per 24 h) reached a level of approximately 5 mol malonaldhyde/kg^–1 product, when stored exposed to standard fluorescent light or fluorescent light with a high UV component. Rancid taste was not detected by sensory evaluation for any of the products after 6 months of storage, whereas a bitter taste was noted for the product exposed to UV light.

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Die Haltbarkeit von Lachsforellen Einfluß von Licht und Verpackung auf die Carotenoid- und Fettoxydation

Zusammenfassung Der kombinierte Effekt von Sauerstoffdurchgang durch Verpackungsmaterial und der Lichteinwirkung verschiedener spektraler Verteilung auf den oxidativen Abbau der Carotinoide und Fette in gefrorenen Lachsforellen wurde in einem Lagerungsversuch untersucht. Der Abbau des Carotenoids Astaxanthin wurde mit HPLC undTristimulus-Calorimetrie beobachtet, und war empfindlich gegenüber UV-Licht und weniger empfindlich gegenüber der Sauerstoffdurchlässigkeit der Verpackung, was mit früheren Ergebnissen für Photooxidation der Carotinoide in Modellsystemen übereinstimmt. Dies widerspricht der Fettoxidation, die mehr von Sauerstoffzugang abhängig ist als von der Entwicklung des UV-Lichtes. Die Bildung von Peroxiden des Produktes kuliminierte nach 3monatiger Lagerung (bis 8,4 meq/kg Öl) und ging der Bildung von Thiobarbitursäure-aktiven Substanzen voraus. Das Produkt im Material mit hohem Sauerstoffdurchgang (60 cm³ m^–2 bar^–1 pro 24 h), das bei normalen fluorescierendem Licht oder bei fluorescierendem Licht mit hohem UV-Anteil aufbewahrt wurde, erreichte einen TBS-Wert von ungefähr 5 mol Malonaldehyd/kg Fleisch. Ein ranziger Geschmack wurde durch sensorische Bewertung nach 6monatiger Lagerung nicht erkannt, wohl aber ein bitterer Geschmack bei dem UV-Licht ausgesetzten Proben.

     

Emission of excited potassium species from an industrial iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis

The angular dependence of potassium emission-desorption is studied from a fused iron catalyst of the type used for ammonia synthesis. The excited species (K^*, K _n ^* , etc.) and positive ions K⁺ have strongly different angular distributions. The bilobular distribution measured for ion desorption is concluded to be either due to excited atoms, so-called Rydberg atoms, or excited clusters. Both types of species have to desorb from the edges of the sample and become field ionized and deexcited just outside the sample, as reported in previous studies on an iron oxide catalyst. The peak in the normal direction measured for excited species is due to excited cluster formation outside the catalyst surface. Similarities with previous results for other catalysts are observed. The possibility that the promoter function of potassium in the ammonia synthesis is due to excited species is pointed out.On leave from Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland.     

The effect of the third invariant on the strength and failure of boron carbide and silicon carbide

This article presents new test data to assess the effect the third invariant has on the strength and failure of two ceramic materials: boron carbide and silicon carbide. Two experimental techniques are used: the Brazilian test that produces a biaxial state of stress, and a new technique that uses a high-pressure confinement vessel to load a specially designed dumbbell specimen in triaxial extension. The dumbbell geometry provides two important advantages over the typically used cylindrical specimen: no adhesive is required to bond the specimen to the load cell because the dumbbell geometry naturally takes the specimen into tension, and any loading asymmetries are essentially eliminated due to the axisymmetric geometry. The results show that when the stress state is on the tensile meridian the equivalent stress at failure is constant, independent of the hydrostatic pressure. The average equivalent stress at failure is for boron carbide and for silicon carbide. The Brazilian test was only performed on boron carbide and failed at , much higher than when on the tensile meridian () indicating that the effect of the third invariant is significant (because of the difference in the failure strength) and must be accounted for to accurately predict when failure will occur.     

Acid-catalysed reduction of ferrylmyoglobin: product distribution and kinetics of autoreduction and reduction by NADH

The pH dependence of iron(II)/iron(III) product distribution, following reduction of the hypervalent iron in equine ferrylmyoglobin by the protein moiety of the pigment (so-called autoreduction) and by NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced) and the rate of reduction was found to depend different on pH. Autoreduction is specific acid catalysed and has a more modest temperature dependence than autoxidation of oxymyoglobin, with the activation parameters H ^#=58.5±0.4 kJ·mol^–1 and S ^#=2.7±0.1 J·mol^–1·K^–1 in 0.16 mol·1^–1 NaCl. The product of autoreduction is the iron(III) pigment metmyoglobin, which is slightly modified in the protein moiety. The reaction has a positive kinetic salt effect from which it is deduced that the reactive centre of ferrylmyoglobin has a charge of +1 in agreement with the structure Fe(IV)=O. Reduction by NADH involves parallel reactions of two pigment forms in acid/base equilibrium with each other with a pK _a equal to 4.9, both forms yielding metmyoglobin as well as the iron(II) pigment, oxymyoglobin, as products. The protonated form reacts faster than the deprotonated form, and two-electron transfer has greater importance for the protonated form with a limiting Fe(II)/Fe(III) product ratio of 0.6 in acidic solution compared to 0.12 in alkaline solution. A square root dependence of rate on NADH concentration suggests involvement of NAD·radicals with a disproportionation as the termination reaction.

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Säure-katalysierte Reduktion von Ferrylmyoglobin. Produktdistribution und Kinetik der Autoreduktion und Reduktion von NADH

Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und das Eisen(II)/Eisen(III)-Verhältnis des Produkts nach Reduktion von hypervalentem Eisen in Ferrylmyoglobin aus Pferden zeigt eine unterschiedliche pH-Abhängigkeit der sogenannten Autoreduktion (Reduktion am Proteinteil des Pigments) sowie der Reduktion durch NADH. Die Autoreduktion weist eine spezifische Säure-Katalyse auf sowie eine moderate Temperaturabhängigkeit im Vergleich zur Autooxidation von Oxymyoglobin mit den Aktivierungsparametern H ^#=58.5±0.4 kJ·mol^–1 und S ^#=2.7±0.1 J·mol^–1·K^–1 in 0.16 mol·1^–1 NaCl. Das Produkt der Autoreduktion ist das Eisen(III)-Pigment Metmyoglobin mit leicht modifiziertem Proteinanteil. Die Reaktion hat einen positiv kinetischen Salzeffekt, woraus zu erschließen ist, daß das reaktive Zentrum im Ferrylmyoglobin die Ladung +1 übereinstimmend mit der Struktur Fe(IV)=O besitzt. Die Reduktion durch NADH weist auf parallele Reaktionen von zwei Pigmentformen in einem Säure/Base-Gleichgewicht mit pk _a=4.9 hin, beide Formen ergeben Metmyoglobin sowie das Eisen(II)-Pigment Oxymyoglobin als Produkt. Die protonisierte Form reagiert schneller als die deprotonisierte Form, und eine zwei-Elektronenübertragung hat größere Bedeutung für die protonisierte Form mit einem Fe(II)/Fe(III) Produktverbrauch von 0.6 in der Säurelösung und 0.12 in der Baselösung. Die Quadratwurzel Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit von NADH deutet auf eine Teilnahme von NAD-Radikalen mit Disproportionierung als Schlußreaktion.