Vitamin allowance of cosmonauts during preflight training and after completing short space flights

Supply of the main and doubling crews of cosmonauts with vitamins C, A, D, E, B1, B2, B6, PP, and B12, folic acid and carotinoids was studied during training and after the completion of short-term space flights (from 4 to 13 days). As the result of the investigation conducted during the intensive training, 1 month before the space flight some cases of certain vitamins deficiency were revealed. Administration of additional vitamins during 2 weeks before the flight led to a rise in the cosmonauts' supply with vitamins. The findings obtained after the short-term space flights evidence an intensive metabolization of vitamins and increased vitamin requirements during this period.     

Wavy surface nanostructures formed in amorphous silicon films by sputtering with nitrogen ions

Wavy nanostructures are formed on the ion-bombarded surface of single-crystal and amorphous silicon films prepared by various methods. The period and depth of this structure have been determined as functions of the angle of incidence and the energy of nitrogen ions used for the surface sputtering. A comparative analysis of SEM images of the wavy surface nanostructures on various silicon films has been performed using a two-dimensional Fourier transform. The films of amorphous silicon obtained by electron beam deposition and magnetron sputtering techniques are closest to single-crystal silicon films with respect to the wavy surface nanostructure formation.     

Contribution of the Khlopin Radium Institute to the development of nuclear explosion technology for preparing actinides

The main stages in the development of a process for preparing actinides by underground nuclear explosions in rock salt at the Galit field are considered. The data of experiments performed by researchers of the Khlopin Radium Institute in the course of the process development are analyzed. The results of detailed study of the cavities after underground nuclear explosions and properties of the resulting radioactive products reprocessed for recovery of actinides are presented.     

Evaluation of the equilibrium sorption characteristics of textile fibres

The water vapor sorption — desorption isotherms of a series of natural and chemical fibres were determined and the hysteresis coefficients characterizing the nonequilibrium character of the structure and irreversibility of changes in it in sorption of water vapors were calculated. The moisture sorption — desorption isotherms are described by a single equation for a theoretical-probability model. The coefficients of the TPM equation were found for all types of fibres and can be used for predicting the magnitude of sorption and the change in the properties of textile materials in a wide range of external conditions. The points of the beginning of devitrification of the polymer under the effect of moisture were determined.St. Petersburg State University of Design and Technology. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 20–23, July–August, 1995.     

Aminopeptidases in cells of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of varying degrees of malignancy and in lymphogranulomatosis

26 cases of lymphoproliferative diseases were studied: 8 cases of reactive follicular hyperplasia (RFH), 11 cases of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (NML), 7 cases of lymphogranulomatosis (LGM). Only gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was found in lymphoid cells of B- and T-dependent areas of lymph nodes with reactive changes as well as in tumor cells of NML and LGM. GGT activity was more pronounced in NML of high-grade malignancy (centroblast and immunoblast) as compared to lymphomas of lower grade of malignancy (lymphocytic, centroblast-centrocytic and in Lennert lymphoma). GGT activity in cells of Hodgkin and Berezovsky-Sterberg in some cases of LGM was high, in others low. Significant differences in GGT activity between RFH and follicular centroblast-centrocytic lymphoma were not found. Activity of aminopeptidase M was observed in histiocytes, fibroblasts, vessels and areas of connective tissue growth. Aminopeptidase A activity was observed in vessels only. Activity of dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV was observed in some lymphoid cells in RFH, NML and LGM. Thus, GGT activity may be considered as a differential-diagnostic marker in separating NML of high and low degree of malignancy and this may presume a different sensitivity to the therapy.     

On the generalized successive approximations method

In this paper, denoted a continuous function from [0,1]² into [0,1] by f, we consider the iterative process: