Evidence for distinct signaling mechanisms in two mammalian olfactory sense organs

In mammals, olfactory stimuli are detected by sensory neurons at two distinct sites: the olfactory epithelium (OE) of the nasal cavity and the neuroepithelium of the vomeronasal organ (VNO). While the OE can detect volatile chemicals released from numerous sources, the VNO appears to be specialized to detect pheromones that are emitted by other animals and that convey information of behavioral or physiological importance. The mechanisms underlying sensory transduction in the OE have been well studied and a number of components of the transduction cascade have been cloned. Here, we investigated sensory transduction in the VNO by asking whether VNO neurons express molecules that have been implicated in sensory transduction in the OE. Using in situ hybridization and Northern blot analyses, we found that most of the olfactory transduction components examined, including the guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha subunit (G-alpha-olf), adenylyl cyclase type III, and an olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel subunit (oCNC1), are not expressed by VNO sensory neurons. In contrast, VNO neurons do express a second olfactory CNG channel subunit (oCNC2). These results indicate that VNO sensory transduction is distinct from that in the OE but raise the possibility that, like OE sensory transduction, sensory transduction in the VNO might involve cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels.     

Formation of metal fog during molten salt electrolysis observed in a see-through cell

Visual observations of several molten salt electrolysis processes were made in a two-compartment, see-through quartz cell. The electrolyses of aluminium, magnesium, lead, zinc, sodium and potassium were studied. The colour of the melt in the anode compartment was pale yellow for fluoride-chloride melts and red for chloride melts, caused by the presence of dispersed anode gases during electrolysis. In the cathode compartment, streamers of metal fog were formed. The colours of the metal fog were purple for aluminium, grey for magnesium, lead and zinc, blue for sodium and green for potassium.The metal fog tended to sink to the bottom of the cell, which indicated that it had a higher density than that of the melt. The metal fog also penetrated into the anode compartment, probable due to convection and diffusion in the melt. The most probable explanation of the nature of the metal fog is that it consisted ofdispersed metal particles. This chemically unstable phase dissolved easily in the melt and was oxidized quickly by the anode gases.     

Nb_2O_5-MnO-SiO_2渣中Nb_2O_5和MnO活度的研究SCIEI

本文利用含NbFe液与Nb_2O_5-MnO-SiO_2渣之间平衡,在1828K温度下应用固体电解质浓差电池方法测定了Fe液中氧的活度,从而计算出渣中Nb_2O_5及MnO的活度,并绘制了Nb_2O_5-MnO-SiO_2三元系的等α_(Nb_2O_5)和等α_(MnO)图。     

25CrNi2MoV钢的微动磨损性能

采用微动摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦条件下对新型高速重载传动轴用25CrNi2MoV钢进行微动磨损试验,研究了不同载荷(50~200N)和频率(15~30Hz)下该钢的微动磨损性能。结果表明:在频率为20Hz条件下,当载荷由50N增至200N时,25CrNi2MoV钢的平均摩擦因数由0.766减至0.661,磨损体积由19.65×10^-3 mm^3增至75.83×10^-3 mm^3;在载荷为30N条件下,当频率由15Hz增至30Hz时,平均摩擦因数由0.790增至0.905,磨损体积由11.43×10^-3 mm^3增至23.88×10^-3 mm^3;在不同试验参数下,25CrNi2MoV钢磨损表面均出现了氧化和犁沟现象,磨损机制包含氧化磨损和磨粒磨损;在频率为20Hz条件下,载荷为50,100N时,25CrNi2MoV钢的磨损机制以黏着磨损为主,载荷为150,200N时,主要磨损机制为疲劳磨损;在载荷为30N条件下,频率为15~25Hz时,磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,当频率增至30Hz时,磨损机制以疲劳磨损为主。     

CO2双级系统的运行特性

本文论述了CO2双级系统在超市应用中各种运行工况和相应的运行特性，也论及不同负荷和运行工况下的主要原则和挑战。另外，分析了小型双级制冷系统中模拟和测量的运行结果，以帮助系统设计人员建模并避免可能存在的问题。     

Posture Measurement and Coordinated Control of Twin Hoisting-Girder Transporters Based on Hybrid Network and RTK-GPS

In this paper, a typical application of multimobile robots, i.e., twin hoisting-girder transporters cooperating to transport a giant concrete girder, is studied. An overall solution based on the hybrid network communication framework is presented and the key issues, such as the accurate posture estimation and coordinated control of the two independent transporters forming a team, are researched. In order to obtain the relative distance and orientation angle between two transporters while traveling, a measurement data fusion method using real-time kinematic global positioning system for kinematic locating and in-vehicle speed sensors for speed measuring is proposed. Furthermore, a distributed master-slave coordinated control strategy based on the hybrid network framework is proposed to meet the reliability and accuracy requirements. The application results show that the deviations of the relative distance and the orientation of two transporters during working are not more than 0.1 m and 0.2deg, respectively, and it can meet the requirements of the technological specifications.     

Single operation earliness–tardiness scheduling with machine activation costs

We consider a static, single operation, non-pre-emptive, deterministic scheduling problem in which a set of n jobs is to be processed on k identical machines. Jobs assigned to each machine have a common due date. The number of machines (k) is unknown. Activating a machine will require additional costs to be incurred. The objective is to find an optimal sequence, the optimal number of machines (k), and the respective due dates to minimize the weighted sum of earliness, tardiness, and machine activation costs. We propose a polynomial time algorithm to solve the problem.     

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〗塔里木盆地和田古隆起区下古生界发育灰岩、白云岩两类储层。灰岩储层类型有灰岩溶蚀孔隙（孔洞）型储层、灰岩岩溶缝孔洞型储层和构造裂隙型储层。灰岩溶蚀孔隙（孔洞）型储层发育与加里东期、海西期不整合面没有密切的关系; 储渗空间发育受组构控制; 属低孔低渗、储集性较差的储层。灰岩岩溶缝孔洞型储层发育分布与加里东期、海西期不整合侵蚀面有着密切的关系; 发育分布非均质性强。灰岩构造裂隙型储层可发育高角度斜交或垂直层面的部分充填和未充填构造裂隙。白云岩内发育晶间孔及晶间溶孔、溶蚀孔洞、大型洞穴、风化裂隙、构造裂隙等5种储渗空间，它们构成白云岩岩溶缝孔洞型、白云岩溶蚀孔洞型两类储层。白云岩岩溶缝孔洞型储层发育与加里东期、海西期不整合面有着密切的关系; 其涉及厚度较小。白云岩溶蚀孔洞型储层的发育具有普遍性; 与加里东期、海西期不整合面关系不密切; 非均质性明显。白云岩溶蚀孔洞型储层在寒武系及下奥陶统广泛发育, 孔隙度较高, 渗透率较低，是该区最值得勘探的储层类型。