车用轮毂电机转矩谐波协同控制策略

轮毂电机因结构简单、驱动灵活的特点广泛应用于轻型电动车辆。电机运行中存在的齿槽效应、逆变器非线性效应及电流谐波等问题,导致电机电磁转矩波动,影响车辆运行的平顺性。通过电磁转矩谐波分析发现其主要成分为低阶谐波。为了有效抑制低次转矩谐波,设计了一种附加三相独立定子绕组的轮毂电机结构,提出了基于电流幅值迭代整定的补偿电流注入方法,采用动态步长二分法实现期望补偿电流幅值的快速收敛。研究结果表明,所提方法可使总谐波失真降低2.80%~5.84%,具有良好的谐波转矩抑制效果。     

The influence of low- and high-linear energy transfers on some physical properties of poly(methyl-methacrylate) samples

Clear poly(methyl-methacrylate)—PMMA—dosimeter is widely used in food irradiations. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is one of the unique tools used for studying free-volumes and open-volume type defects in solid media. The Vicker's microhardness measurements offer a simple and nondestructive tool for investigating the mechanical behavior of polymer materials. PALS as well as microhardness measurements were carried out for PMMA samples, irradiated with low- and high-linear energy transfers (LET). The low-LET irradiations were provided at lethal doses of gamma radiations for vegetative bacteria. Such irradiations showed a chain scission in the PMMA samples. High-LET irradiations showed behavior different from the low-LET ones. The observed behavior depends on the alpha particle fluence. The microhardness testing was carried out for virgin and irradiated PMMA samples at high-LET. A negative correlation was found between PALS measurements and microhardness results. The optical characteristics and structural studies for the virgin and irradiated PMMA samples were in agreement with the PALS and microhardness measurements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

小电流接地系统接地故障选线方法

针对小电流接地系统单相接地故障自动选线问题,对基于小波分析理论的选线方法进行深入的研究和分析。第一步简述中性点接地的几种方式,讨论小电流接地系统中这几种接地方式的基本原理以及发生故障情况后的电量变化。第二步结合系统故障时的暂态零序电流特征与小波分析理论提出新的选线方法,采用模值极大值判别法解决故障选线问题。第三步通过MATLAB软件里的SIMULINK搭建仿真模型,选取小电流系统在不同支路电压幅值和接地电阻大小等情况下,提出了依据故障线路与非故障线路的首半波尖峰方向和幅值大小进行选线的方法。结果验证了所提故障选线方法的正确性和有效性。     

Dodecylhydroxydiphosphonic Acid for Solvent Extraction

Abstract

The extraction behavior of Zn(II) and Cu(II) in acetate media has been investigated using dodecylhydroxydiphosphonic acid, DHDPA, which was previously synthesized and characterized. The extraction of both cations was carried out in different media with the addition of CH₃COOH, HCl or H₂SO₄ at different pH. The maximum extraction yield of 80% for zinc, was obtained in one step after the addition of sulfuric acid at pH_i=5.5 and for copper after the addition of 10 mg of sodium acetate. The authors plan additional tests using polar solvents.     

Numerical modeling of nonisothermal polymer crystallization kinetics: Flow and thermal effects

A numerical model able to simulate polymer crystallization under nonisothermal flows is developed. It is based on the assumption that the trace of the extra‐stress tensor, calculated according to a viscoelastic multimode Upper Convected Maxwell (UCM) model, is the driving force of the flow‐induced extra nucleation. Two distinct sets of Schneider equations are used to describe the growth of thermally and flow induced nuclei. The model is then coupled with the momentum equations and the energy equation. As an application, a shear flow configuration between two plates (Couette flow) is simulated. The relative influence of the mechanical and thermal phenomena on the crystallization development as well as the final morphology distribution is then analyzed as a function of the shearing intensity and the cooling kinetics, in terms of nucleation density and crystallite mean sizes. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:2044–2059, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

The production of biohydrogen by a novel strain Clostridium sp. YM1 in dark fermentation process

In view of increasing attempts for the production of renewable energy, the production of biohydrogen energy by a new mesophilic bacterium Clostridium sp. YM1 was performed for the first time in the dark fermentation. Experimental results showed that the fermentative hydrogen was successfully produced by Clostridium sp. YM1 with the highest cumulative hydrogen volume of 3821 ml/L with a hydrogen yield of 1.7 mol H₂/mol glucose consumed. Similar results revealed that optimum incubation temperature and pH value of culture medium were 37 °C and 6.5, respectively. The study of hydrogen production from glucose and xylose revealed that this strain was able to generate higher hydrogen from glucose compared to that from xylose. The profile of volatile fatty acids produced showed that hydrogen generation by Clostridium sp. YM1 was butyrate-type fermentation. Moreover, the findings of this study indicated that an increase in head space of fermentation culture positively enhanced hydrogen production.     

The use of pretreated palm oil mill effluent for acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) was used as an acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation medium using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Various pretreatment methods were applied on POME to increase the amount of fermentable sugars leading to enhanced ABE production. Sulfuric acid-treated POME (SA-POME) method was found to give the highest yield of total reducing sugars (glucose, cellobiose, xylose, and arabinose) as compared to other pretreatment methods. An increment in the concentration of H₂SO₄ from 1 to 2% resulted in the enhanced release of reducing sugars (18.3, 26.3?g/L, respectively). However, the treatment of POME with 3% H₂SO₄, decreased the reducing sugars to 21.6?g/L and consequently, the total ABE production was also reduced. The highest yield of ABE was observed from a culture grown with POME treated by 1% H₂SO₄. The total ABE production from 1, 2, and 3% SA-POME was obtained as 2.2, 0.45, and 0.41?g/L, respectively. Although, enzymatically treated POME (EH-POME) could produce 4.42?g/L glucose, sulfuric acid treatment (1%) was able to liberate only 1.76?g/L glucose, ABE production was higher when 1% SA-POME was used. Low yield of ABE from enzymatically treated POME can be attributed to the production of some inhibitors during hydrolysis of POME. When EH-POME was treated with XAD-4 resin to nullify the inhibitors, the production of ABE was increased to 4.29?g/L, and ABE yield was also increased to 0.29?g/g. In conclusion, enzymatic hydeolysis of POME followed by elution to XAD-4 column can be proposed as the best pretreatment method for highest productivity of ABE. It was found that addition of P2 medium to the POME hydrolysates was able to improve the production of butanol except in raw POME and sulfuric acid hydrolysates.     

Automatic Estimation of Gestational Age in Ultrasound Images Based on Direct Least‐Squares Fitting of Ellipse

Measurement of the fetal head biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) is crucial for estimation of fetal age. Due to the noisy nature of ultrasound images and variation in image acquisition and measurement techniques, manual measurements of these parameters are subject to inter‐ and intraobserver variability. In this study, we present an approach for estimation of gestational age in ultrasound images, based on direct least‐squares fitting of an ellipse. The process goes through three steps: image preprocessing, object extraction, and fitting an ellipse to the resultant shape and measuring its parameters. The proposed technique was tested and evaluated on 20 ultrasound images of fetal head. The images had a combination of noise and low contrast. Excellent linear correlation between manual and automatic measurement was obtained, which verifies the reliability of the proposed automatic approach. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Durability of concrete containing a natural pozzolan as defined by a performance-based approach

This paper deals with the application of a performance-based approach on the durability of concrete made with an Algerian natural pozzolan. The evaluation of the durability of concrete was based on the comparison of durability indicators with a reference concrete usually found in Algeria. The properties measured included general indicators (water porosity, gas permeability, capillary absorption and Portlandite content) and specific indicators related to degradation phenomena that might occur in Algeria: corrosion induced by carbonation and chlorides, and chemical attacks by sulphates and acids. For the specific degradations, the indicators measured included carbonation depths, chloride diffusion coefficients, chloride permeability, expansion and sulphate profiles, and depth of leaching due to ammonium nitrate attack. The results showed that general durability indicators were almost equivalent for all the types of concrete tested, highlighting the importance of using specific indicators for each type of exposure. The results of specific indicators for corrosion and acid attacks showed that increasing the pozzolan content led to higher resistance of the concrete. Thus, it is possible to improve the durability of typical concretes currently made in Algeria by using local materials.