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1.
Genetically modified starter and protective cultures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Modern approaches towards starter and protective culture improvement rely on advances in molecular biology. For most microorganisms used for food production, gene technological methods have been well developed. By recombinant DNA technology, ‘tailor-made’ starter and protective cultures may be constructed so as to combine technically desirable features. A single strain which normally would fail to accomplish a given ‘wtask’ may now be improved so as to meet a set of requirements necessary for a specific production or preservation process (e.g. wholesomeness, no off-flavour production, overproduction of bacteriocins or particular enzymes). In addition, undesirable properties (e.g. mycotoxin or antibiotic production by cheese moulds) may be eliminated by techniques such as ‘gene disruption’. 相似文献
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An assessment was made of the microbiological quality of the final product (different retail cuts), produced by two different retail supermarket groups (A & B). The influence of sanitary conditions on the microbiological quality of the final product was evaluated, and the possible influences on shelf life were determined. Supermarket group A (Sup group A) received carcasses with significantly lower surface counts of micro-organisms than supermarket group B (Sup group B), while the latter had a more efficient overall sanitation programme than supermarket group A. Five cuts were monitored for the presence of total aerobic counts, psychrotrophic counts, lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae and numbers of Pseudomonadaceae present. A shelf life study was also executed by repeating these enumerations on the same meat samples after refrigerated storage at 5°C for 2 and 4 days, respectively. It is generally accepted that a good refrigeration or chilling regime will preserve the inherent meat quality, but in this study it was found that neither served as a guarantee of quality. The more stringent hygiene at retail level of Sup group B yielded consistently lower mean counts of the different bacterial groups for all the meat cuts monitored and, thus meat with an extended shelf life. The total count (at 30°C) on meat cuts was the highest, followed by the psychrotrophs, the Pseudomonadaceae the Enterobacteriaeae and the lactobacilli. Minced meat generally had the highest mean aerobic total microbial counts. This count on minced meat might be a suitable indicator for monitoring the overall sanitary condition of a retail premises. The results re-emphasized the multi-factorial complexity of fresh meat quality and shelf life. The microbial quality of the raw material (carcasses), the maintenance of the cold chain, sanitary condition of premises, equipment and personnel surfaces and general management practices are factors that collectively determine the microbiological quality of the product. 相似文献
4.
Laurence J. Hardwick Matthias Hahn Michael Holzapfel Hilmi Buqa Petr Novák 《Electrochimica acta》2006,52(2):675-680
An initial Raman study on the effects of intercalation for aprotic electrolyte-based electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) is reported. In situ Raman microscopy is employed in the study of the electrochemical intercalation of tetraethylammonium (Et4N+) and tetrafluoroborate (BF4−) into and out of microcrystalline graphite. During cyclic voltammetry experiments, the insertion of Et4N+ into graphite for the negative electrode occurs at an onset potential of +1.0 V versus Li/Li+. For the positive electrode, BF4− was shown to intercalate above +4.3 V versus Li/Li+. The characteristic G-band doublet peak (E2g2(i) (1578 cm−1) and E2g2(b) (1600 cm−1)) showed that various staged compounds were formed in both cases and the return of the single G-band (1578 cm−1) demonstrates that intercalation was fully reversible. The disappearance of the D-band (1329 cm−1) in intercalated graphite is also noted and when the intercalant is removed a more intense D-band reappears, indicating possible lattice damage. For cation intercalation, such irreversible changes of the graphite structure are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 相似文献
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This paper studies a new class of single-machine scheduling problems, which are faced by Just-in-Time-suppliers satisfying a given demand. In these models the processing of jobs leads to a release of a predefined number of product units into inventory. Consumption is triggered by predetermined time-varying, and product-specific demand requests. While all demands have to be fulfilled, the objective is to minimize the resulting product inventory. We investigate different subproblems of this general setting with regard to their computational complexity. For more restricted problem versions strongly polynomial time algorithms are presented. In contrast to this, NP-hardness in the strong sense is proven for more general problem versions. Moreover, for the most general version, even finding a feasible solution is shown to be strongly NP-hard. 相似文献
7.
B. Holzapfel M. Leghissa P. Bauer G. Kreiselmeyer M. Kraus S. Bouffard L. Schultz G. Saemann-Ischenko 《Journal of Superconductivity》1994,7(1):205-207
Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7–
thin films (YBCO) and YBa2Cu3O7–
/PrBa2Cu3O7–
multilayers (Y/Pr) were irradiated with high-energy heavy ions (770 Mev208Pb) under various directions relative to thec-axis. The irradiation resulted in columnar defects tilted by from thec-axis. The angular dependence of their pinning activity was studied by measuring the anisotropy of the critical current density. TheJ
c
(B, T,) behavior of the irradiated YBCO thin films showed an additional peak, which exceeds the intrinsic pinning peak, exactly at the irradiation direction. The Y/Pr multilayers, however, showed an isotropicT
c
-enhancement by a factor of 5, without any additional structure in theJ
c(B, T,) curve. 相似文献
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9.
In this paper, the authors present an experimental setup of a fuzzy-logic controller of an inverted pendulum that uses vision feedback. The experimental testbed is used at Oregon State University, USA, in senior and first-year graduate courses on automatic control systems to illustrate the usefulness and limitations of this approach. The results that are obtained support the claim, within certain limits, that it is possible to control an inverted pendulum using fuzzy-logic control and vision feedback 相似文献
10.
Malte Krack Marc Secanell Pierre Mertiny 《Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization》2011,44(1):57-73
A procedure to find the optimal design of a flywheel with a split-type hub is presented. Since cost plays a decisive role
in stationary flywheel energy storage applications, a trade-off between energy and cost is required. Applying a scaling technique,
the multi-objective design problem is reduced to the maximization of the energy-per-cost ratio as the single objective. Both
an analytical and a finite element model were studied. The latter was found to be more than three orders of magnitude more
computationally expensive than the analytical model, while the analytical model can only be regarded as a coarse approximation.
Multifidelity approaches were examined to reduce the computational expense while retaining the high accuracy and large modeling
depth of the finite element model. Using a surrogate-based optimization strategy, the computational cost was reduced to only
one third in comparison to using only the finite element model. A nonlinear interior-point method was employed to find the
optimal rim thicknesses and rotational speed. The benefits of the split-type hub architecture were demonstrated. 相似文献