Therapeutic applications of melatonin and related compounds

Increasing knowledge of the pharmacological effects of melatonin has suggested various possible therapeutic applications for the hormone. Because, as a natural substance, melatonin cannot be patented, melatonin-related compounds have been synthesized by industrial groups. The scope of such compounds is also to specifically target the recently discovered melatonin receptor subtypes. The sleep-inducing properties of melatonin are disputed, but are distinct from those of benzodiazepines. The observed effects on sleep latency or sleep efficiency, which remain to be confirmed, could be accounted for by the effects of melatonin on core body temperature and on circadian rhythms. There is also an urgent need for safety data, both in animals and in humans, particularly when long-term use is envisaged.     

Rapid shift in peak melatonin secretion associated with improved performance in short shift work schedule

OBJECTIVE: To describe the changes in the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related deaths in children with perinatally acquired infection. METHODS: A retrospective review of all deaths that occurred in HIV-infected children managed at The New York Hospital-Program for Children with AIDS during a 7-year period from January, 1990, to December, 1996. Differences in the characteristics at death between 15 children who died in 1990 and 10 children who died in 1996 were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-eight deaths in our cohort of HIV-infected children were identified during the 7-year period. The mean age at death was 4.43 years. Sixty-nine percent of children were black, 55% were male and 94% were receiving Medicaid. The mean weight/age Z score was -3.9 and the mean CD4 index was 0.067 with 65% having <50 CD4 cells/microl at the time of death (TOD). The most common organ/organ systems to be involved at the TOD were lung (78%) and central nervous system (61%). Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was the most common isolate at the TOD (26%) followed by Pneumocystis carinii (20%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17%). The leading non-infectious cause of death was cardiac failure (9%). Comparison of the characteristics at the TOD between 1990 and 1996 revealed significant differences in mean age (2.1 vs. 9.2 years, P < 0.0001), mean CD4 count index (0.18 vs. 0.02, P < 0.03), mean number of organ/organ system involvement (3.9 vs. 5.9, P < 0.05), percent receiving antiretroviral therapy (33% vs. 70%, P < 0.02), mean number of years receiving antiretroviral therapy (0.88 vs. 3.86 years, P < 0.01), percent receiving P. carinii pneumonia prophylaxis (27% vs. 100%, P < 0.001), percent receiving MAC prophylaxis/therapy (0% vs. 100%, P < 0.0001), and cause of death from P. carinii pneumonia (53% vs. 0%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with children who died in 1990, HIV-infected children who died in 1996 were significantly older, more lymphopenic and more likely to have a greater number of organ system involvements and to have received antiviral therapy and antimicrobial prophylaxis. In 1996 no child died of P. carinii pneumonia. In 1996 MAC and P. aeruginosa were the two most important opportunistic infections causing death. These changes in the characteristics at death will warrant review of resources used in treating these children and may be critical in advising parents and care givers about the prognosis of this chronic infection.     

Overview of trends in global epigenetic research (2009–2017)

Scientometrics - Epigenetics, one of the most rapidly intensifying fields of biological research, explores inheritable gene expression not governed by alterations in the DNA sequence. This article...     

Co-word analysis and thematic landscapes in Spanish information science literature, 1985–2014

Current research information systems (CRISs) offer great opportunities for scientometric studies of institutional research outputs. However, many of these opportunities have not been explored in depth, especially for the analysis of intra-institutional research collaboration. In this paper, we propose a hybrid methodology to analyze research collaboration networks with an underlying institutional structure. The co-authorship network extracted from the institutional CRIS of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia, is analyzed using the proposed methodology. The obtained results show that the organizational structure of the institution has a profound impact on both inter- and intra-institutional research collaboration. Moreover, researchers involved in inter-department collaborations tend to be drastically more productive (by all considered productivity measures), collaborative (measured by the number of co-authorship relations) and institutionally important (in terms of the betweenness centrality in the co-authorship network) compared to those who collaborate only with colleagues from their own research departments. Finally, our results indicate that quantifying research productivity by the normal counting scheme and Serbian research competency index is biased towards researchers from physics and chemistry research departments.     

The Melatonergic System in Mood and Anxiety Disorders and the Role of Agomelatine: Implications for Clinical Practice

Melatonin exerts its actions through membrane MT1/MT2 melatonin receptors, which belong to the super family of G-protein-coupled receptors consisting of the typical seven transmembrane domains. MT1 and MT2 receptors are expressed in various tissues of the body either as single ones or together. A growing literature suggests that the melatonergic system may be involved in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. In fact, some core symptoms of depression show disturbance of the circadian rhythm in their clinical expression, such as diurnal mood and other symptomatic variation, or are closely linked to circadian system functioning, such as sleep-wake cycle alterations. In addition, alterations have been described in the circadian rhythms of several biological markers in depressed patients. Therefore, there is interest in developing antidepressants that have a chronobiotic effect (i.e., treatment of circadian rhythm disorders). As melatonin produces chronobiotic effects, efforts have been aimed at developing agomelatine, an antidepressant with melatonin agonist activity. The present paper reviews the role of the melatonergic system in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders and the clinical characteristics of agomelatine. Implications of agomelatine in “real world” clinical practice will be also discussed.