CMOS scaling into the nanometer regime

Starting with a brief review on 0.1-μm (100 nm) CMOS status, this paper addresses the key challenges in further scaling of CMOS technology into the nanometer (sub-100 nm) regime in light of fundamental physical effects and practical considerations. Among the issues discussed are: lithography, power supply and threshold voltage, short-channel effect, gate oxide, high-field effects, dopant number fluctuations and interconnect delays. The last part of the paper discusses several alternative or unconventional device structures, including silicon-on-insulator (SOI), SiGe MOSFET's, low-temperature CMOS, and double-gate MOSFET's, which may lead to the outermost limits of silicon scaling     

Divide and Congruence Applied to η-Bisimulation

We present congruence formats for η- and rooted η-bisimulation equivalence. These formats are derived using a method for decomposing modal formulas in process algebra. To decide whether a process algebra term satisfies a modal formula, one can check whether its subterms satisfy formulas that are obtained by decomposing the original formula. The decomposition uses the structural operational semantics that underlies the process algebra.     

The combining of sodium chloride and calcium chloride by a number of different hardened cement pastes

A non-destructive method is presented to study the combining properties of a number of hardened cement pastes for NaCl and CaCl₂. Cements hardened with solutions of NaCl and of CaCl₂ are equilibrated in solutions of these electrolytes in a special way. To interpret the results, the equilibrium between the pore solution and the hardened cement is taken as a general solid/solution equilibrium. The equilibrium between the pore solution and the equilibrating solution is considered to be a liquid/liquid equilibrium. That means that the equilibrium concentrations in the equilibrating solution and the pore solution are equaL. Thus it is possible to calculate the dependence of the amount of chloride combined by the cement on the total amount added to the cement.     

Classroom ventilation and indoor air quality—results from the FRESH intervention study

Inadequate ventilation of classrooms may lead to increased concentrations of pollutants generated indoors in schools. The FRESH study, on the effects of increased classroom ventilation on indoor air quality, was performed in 18 naturally ventilated classrooms of 17 primary schools in the Netherlands during the heating seasons of 2010–2012. In 12 classrooms, ventilation was increased to targeted CO₂ concentrations of 800 or 1200 ppm, using a temporary CO₂ controlled mechanical ventilation system. Six classrooms were included as controls. In each classroom, data on endotoxin, β(1,3)‐glucans, and particles with diameters of <10 μm (PM₁₀) and <2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were collected during three consecutive weeks. Associations between the intervention and these measured indoor air pollution levels were assessed using mixed models, with random classroom effects. The intervention lowered endotoxin and β(1,3)‐glucan levels and PM₁₀ concentrations significantly. PM₁₀ for instance was reduced by 25 μg/m³ (95% confidence interval 13–38 μg/m³) from 54 μg/m³ at maximum ventilation rate. No significant differences were found between the two ventilation settings. Concentrations of PM_2.5 and NO₂ were not affected by the intervention. Our results provide evidence that increasing classroom ventilation is effective in decreasing the concentrations of some indoor‐generated pollutants.     

A Polysiloxide Complex with two Chromium(III) η2-Superoxo Moieties

The isolation and identification of intermediates formed in the course of the activation of dioxygen at transition metal centers reveals important mechanistic insights concerning such processes. We previously reported the reaction of the dinuclear Cr^II complex [L₂Cr₂(MeCN)₂][Li(MeCN)]₂ (L=PhSi(OSiPh₂O⁻)₃) ( 5 ) with dioxygen, which resulted in the formation of the Cr^IV oxo complex [L₂Cr₂O₂][Li(THF)₂]₂ ( 6 ), as the final room temperature stable product. Here we now report the isolation and characterization of an intermediate en route to 6 , namely the dinuclear Cr^III superoxo complex [L₂Cr₂(O₂)₂][Li(MeCN)]₂ ( 7 ). 7 is the first example of a structurally characterized dinuclear Cr^III superoxo complex with two independent side-on bound superoxo ligands. Reactivity studies outline the capability of this superoxo complex to activate weak O−H bonds.     

Feasibility study of 2020 target costs for PEM fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries: A two-factor experience curve approach

Vehicles with electric drive trains are currently the subject of intense discussion by society. The cost trends of the individual components in the electric drive train are a central aspect of the future market success of the different vehicle drive systems.     

Construction and Operation of the First Offshore Wind Farm Project in China

In the first 20 years of this century, there are many important strategic opportunities for economic and social developments in China. In accordance with the objectives proposed in the 16 th NCCPC of building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, many efforts will be made to quadruple Chinese economics by 2020. And then, GDP per capita in China will exceed $ 10,000 through purchasing power parity conversion. According to international     

Characterization of seasonal variation of forest canopy in a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, using daily MODIS data

In this paper, we present an improved procedure for collecting no or little atmosphere- and snow-contaminated observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. The resultant time series of daily MODIS data of a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest (the Bartlett Experimental Forest) in 2004 show strong seasonal dynamics of surface reflectance of green, near infrared and shortwave infrared bands, and clearly delineate leaf phenology and length of plant growing season. We also estimate the fractions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by vegetation canopy (FAPAR_canopy), leaf (FAPAR_leaf), and chlorophyll (FAPAR_chl), respectively, using a coupled leaf-canopy radiative transfer model (PROSAIL-2) and daily MODIS data. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method (the Metropolis algorithm) is used for model inversion, which provides probability distributions of the retrieved variables. A two-step procedure is used to estimate the fractions of absorbed PAR: (1) to retrieve biophysical and biochemical variables from MODIS images using the PROSAIL-2 model; and (2) to calculate the fractions with the estimated model variables from the first step. Inversion and forward simulations of the PROSAIL-2 model are carried out for the temperate deciduous broadleaf forest during day of year (DOY) 184 to 201 in 2005. The reproduced reflectance values from the PROSAIL-2 model agree well with the observed MODIS reflectance for the five spectral bands (green, red, NIR₁, NIR₂, and SWIR₁). The estimated leaf area index, leaf dry matter, leaf chlorophyll content and FAPAR_canopy values are close to field measurements at the site. The results also showed significant differences between FAPAR_canopy and FAPAR_chl at the site. Our results show that MODIS imagery provides important information on biophysical and biochemical variables at both leaf and canopy levels.