In situ regeneration of the Ni-based catalytic reformer of a 5 kW PEMFC system

The paper reports the results of on-site regeneration catalytic bed of the natural gas reformer in a 5 kW PEM fuel cell system. The Ni catalyst previously poisoned by sulphur from the available natural gas, could be re-activated by injection of pure water steam, following the method developed for industrial reformers using the same metal catalyst: this method was shown to be perfectly efficient, provided no natural gas was fed during the operation. Results of the tests conducted are presented and discussed in relation to published data on S-sorption on Ni surfaces.     

On GID-Testable Two-Dimensional Iterative Arrays

A new approach is presented for easily testable two-dimensional iterative arrays.It is an improvement of GI-testability (Group Identical testability)and is referred to as GID-testability (Group Identical and Different testability).In a GID-testable two-dimensional array,the primary x and y outputs are organized into groups and every group has more than one output.This is similar to the GI-testable arrays.However,GID-testability not only ensures that identical test responses can be obtained from every output in the same group when an array is fault free,but also ensures that at least one output has different test responses (from the other outputs in a group)when a cell in the array is faulty.Therefore,all faults can be detected under the assumption of a single faulty cell model.It is proved that an arbitrary two-dimensional iterative array is GID-testable if seven x-states and seven y-states are added to the original flow table of the basic cell of the array.GID-testability simplifies the response verification of built-in-self-testing in a way similar to PI-and GI-testability^[6-9].Therefore,it is suitable for BIST design.     

Analysis of a homologous series of non-reducing oligosaccharides from Arnica montana L. Roots

The oligosaccharide component compositions of a series of non-reducing oligosaccharides extracted from the roots of Arnica montana L. has been determined by gel permeation chromatography (g.p.c.). The range of oligosaccharides present was found to extend beyond the octasaccharide previously reported. with 16% to 19% of the oligosaccharides having a degree of polymerisation of between 11 and 19 and almost 3% having a degree of polymerisation greater than 20. The chromatographic behaviour of this series of oligosaccharides is compared with that observed for series of D-gluco-oligosaccharides.     

Urinary stress incontinence. Comparison of the Raz technique and the Bologna technique. Analysis of a series of 188 patients

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate and compare the perioperative morbidity and the long-term results of the Raz colposuspension and the Bologna operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. STUDY DESIGN: Data of 188 women who underwent either a Bologna operation (group 1) or a Raz colposuspension (group 2) for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence between January 1, 1987 and December 1, 1995 were analysed retrospectively regarding history, preoperative evaluation, associated surgical procedures, complications and cure and failure rate. POPULATION AND METHODS: 80 patients were treated with the Bologna operation and 108 with the Raz colposuspension. Patients with prior anti-incontinence surgery, and patients with a preoperative diagnosis of urge incontinence were excluded from the study. Success was defined both subjectively (complete absence of complaint of stress urinary incontinence) and objectively (no evidence of loss of urine on cough provocation during physical examination). Survival curves were generated in each group for time to event data: "time to recurrent stress incontinence" and compared by the logrank test. A multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards regression model was performed to indentify possible outcome predictors. RESULTS: The success rate of group 1 was significantly higher than that of group 2 (p = 0.00001). The median of success was 51 months in group 1 and 21 months in group 2 (p = 0.00001). The incidence of intraoperative complications in each group (inadvertent cystostomy, hemorrhage) did not differ. The multivariate analyses using the Cox regression model showed that the most highly correlated variable with the surgical cure rate was the type of surgical anti-incontinence procedure adopted: Bologna or Raz (p = 0.00001) CONCLUSION: In our hands, the Bologna operation has a higher cure rate than the Raz colposuspension. For us, when treating patients with stress urinary incontinence by the vaginal route, the Bologna operation is indicated when sufficient anterior vaginal tissue is available to create vaginal bands.     

Detecting Change Points by Fourier Analysis

The cumulative sum (CUSUM) is a basic diagnostic tool in the analysis of change-point data. It is shown that Fourier analysis of the CUSUM can be a useful supplementary tool in such analyses. The technique is applied to three data sets that have appeared previously in the statistical literature.     

Structural and Functional Characterization of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetate 3-Hydroxylase from Escherichia coli

The hydroxylation of phenols into polyphenols, which are valuable chemicals and pharmaceutical products, is a challenging reaction. The search for green synthetic processes has led to considering microorganisms and pure hydroxylases as catalysts for phenol hydroxylation. Herein, we report the structural and functional characterization of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase from Escherichia coli, named HpaB. It is shown that this enzyme enjoys a relatively broad substrate specificity, which allows the conversion of a number of non-natural phenolic compounds, such as tyrosol, hydroxymandelic acid, coumaric acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and its methyl ester, and phenol, into the corresponding catechols. The reaction can be performed by using a simple chemical assay based on formate as the electron donor and the organometallic complex [Rh(bpy)Cp*(H₂O)]²⁺ (Cp*: 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene, bpy: 2,2′-bipyridyl) as the catalyst for FAD reduction. The availability of a crystal structure of HpaB in complex with FAD at 1.8 Å resolution opens up the possibility of the rational tuning of the substrate specificity and activity of this interesting class of phenol hydroxylases.     

Prevalence of failure of passive transfer of immunity in newborn heifer calves and associated management practices on US dairy operations

Failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) in dairy replacement calves has been linked to increased neonatal morbidity and mortality and long-term decreases in productivity. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of FPT in US dairy heifer calves in 2007 and to use nationally representative data to investigate associations of FPT with colostrum and calf management practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted by the USDA's National Animal Health Monitoring System between January and August 2007. Producers from 394 operations in 17 states completed survey questions about colostrum and calf management practices, and serum samples were collected from 1,816 healthy heifer calves on those operations. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were determined by radial immunodiffusion, and calves were classified as having FPT if the IgG concentration was less than 10 mg/mL. To investigate associations between FPT and management practices, a multivariable analysis was completed using a weighted logistic regression model. The estimated prevalence of FPT in US dairy heifer calves was 19.2%. The odds of FPT were higher for calves on operations that pooled colostrum [odds ratio (OR = 2.2)], allowed nursing (OR = 2.4), or hand fed colostrum more than 4 h after birth (OR = 2.7). The odds of FPT were also higher for calves on operations that did not provide a source of heat during cold weather for calves experiencing a dystocia (OR = 1.6), would not seek veterinary assistance when unable to correctly position a calf for delivery (OR = 2.6), or did not routinely monitor serum proteins in calves as a measure of passive transfer (OR = 13.8). The prevalence of FPT in dairy heifer calves has decreased in the last 15 yr, so progress has been made in this important area of calf management. This study identified several management practices associated with FPT that could be targeted for educational campaigns or further research.     

Nucleation in Dilute 3He-4He Liquid Mixtures at Low Temperatures

We present a study of phase separation from supersaturated ³ He- ⁴ He liquid mixtures at low temperatures addressing both the degree of critical supersaturation x_cr and the thermal-to-quantum crossover temperature T* for the nucleation process. Two different nucleation seeds are investigated, namely ³ He droplets and ⁴ He vortex lines with cores filled with ³ He. We have found that the experimental T* is reproduced when we consider that nucleation proceeds from ³ He droplets, whereas x_cr is reproduced when we consider ⁴ He vortex lines filled with ³ He. However, neither nucleation configuration is able to simultaneously reproduce the current experimental information on x_cr and T*.     

Ring Vortex Destabilization in Supersaturated 3He-4He Liquid Mixtures at Low Temperatures

The effect of ring vortices on the destabilization of supersaturated liquid helium mixtures at very low temperatures is investigated as a function of pressure. We have found that large ring vortices trigger the segregation of ³ He at smaller values of the concentration than small ring vortices. Our calculations indicate that the existence of ring vortices in the mixture is a possible mechanism to understand the rather small degree of critical super-saturation found in the experiments.