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1.
Understanding argumentation and its role in human reasoning has been a continuous subject of investigation for scholars from
the ancient Greek philosophers to current researchers in philosophy, logic and artificial intelligence. In recent years, argumentation
models have been used in different areas such as knowledge representation, explanation, proof elaboration, commonsense reasoning,
logic programming, legal reasoning, decision making, and negotiation. However, these models address quite specific needs and
there is need for a conceptual framework that would organize and compare existing argumentation-based models and methods.
Such a framework would be very useful especially for researchers and practitioners who want to select appropriate argumentation
models or techniques to be incorporated in new software systems with argumentation capabilities. In this paper, we propose
such a conceptual framework, based on taxonomy of the most important argumentation models, approaches and systems found in
the literature. This framework highlights the similarities and differences between these argumentation models. As an illustration
of the practical use of this framework, we present a case study which shows how we used this framework to select and enrich
an argumentation model in a knowledge acquisition project which aimed at representing argumentative knowledge contained in
texts critiquing military courses of action. 相似文献
2.
Micheline dos Reis Araújo Dachamir Hotza Rolf Janssen Wilson Acchar 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2019,39(12):3462-3465
In the present work, laminar ceramic structures formed by layers of alumina and partially stabilized zirconia were fabricated by water-based tape casting. Rheological, physical and mechanical properties of slurries and laminates were evaluated. The laminates consisted of stacked alumina and zirconia green tapes produced by thermopressing. Pyrolysis was carried out at 450 °C and sintering at 1500 °C. The alumina/zirconia laminates were studied for a better understanding of the formation behavior and crack propagation at the laminate interface. The flexural strength values of laminates depend on the stress state on their surface. The laminates with the highest amount of zirconia layers presented low strength values (6.7 MPa), while the laminates with more alumina layers had a higher strength level (57.7 MPa). This is because these laminates have alumina layers on the surface which are in a state of residual compressive stress. 相似文献
3.
Cheron G. Draye J.-P. Bourgeios M. Libert G. 《IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering》1996,43(5):552-558
The authors propose a new approach based on dynamic recurrent neural networks (DRNN) to identify, in human, the relationship between the muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity and the arm kinematics during the drawing of the figure eight using an extended arm. After learning, the DRNN simulations showed the efficiency of the model. The authors demonstrated its generalization ability to draw unlearned movements. They developed a test of its physiological plausibility by computing the error velocity vectors when small artificial lesions in the EMG signals were created. These lesion experiments demonstrated that the DRNN has identified the preferential direction of the physiological action of the studied muscles. The network also identified neural constraints such as the covariation between geometrical and kinematics parameters of the movement. This suggests that the information of raw EMG signals is largely representative of the kinematics stored in the central motor pattern. Moreover, the DRNN approach will allow one to dissociate the feedforward command (central motor pattern) and the feedback effects from muscles, skin and joints 相似文献
4.
Suzanne Barnier Micheline Guittard Marie-Paule Pardo Pierre Porcher Jacques Livage 《Materials Research Bulletin》1983,18(10):1217-1227
Preparation of glasses. Glass forming domains in the ternary systems [Ga2S3, (La2S3, La2O2S or La2O3), MnS]. Thermal behaviour. U.V. and visible spectroscopy. E.P.R. spectra. Manganese has an octahedral environment of sulfur. 相似文献
5.
The sensitivity of the spectrofluorometric technique can be improved by a factor of about 3.6 using a mirror coating cell. In the case of a large working range, the nonlinear relationship due to the absorbance of solutions between concentration of the analyte of interest and fluorescence intensity (called inner filter effect) must be corrected. This paper suggests a universal inner filter correction equation based on the physical absorbance phenomenon of a mirror coating cell that only depends on the solution absorbance spectra and the cell parameters. These parameters are determined with rhodamine b standard solutions and a simplex method-based mathematical fitting. The methodology has been successfully applied to the correction of classical and synchronous spectra in absorbent media. The partial least squares (PLS) quantification of a mixture of trace levels (approximately 1-10 microg L(-1)) of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by synchronous fluorescence is possible, even in an absorbent matrix. This simple method allows extension of the analytical field of fluorescence quantification to a large working range in absorbent solutions. 相似文献
6.
Firing of kaolinite to mullite is an important process in ceramic industry. In the present study, Raman spectroscopy and curve-fitting are utilized for identification of the thermal phases in progressive firing of kaolinite to mullite up to 1300 °C. The results are compared to that observed by XRD. Many natural kaolinites consist of accessory anatase, and this mineral has strong Raman bands. Therefore, the spectra of anatase-free and anatase-containing kaolinites were analyzed. The Raman response is sensitive to the degree of the structural order of the thermal phases. Dehydroxylated kaolinite is detected at 500 °C by the disappearance of the Raman bands of the kaolinite. The metakaolinite at 700 °C and the spinel-type phase at 1000 °C have broad and weak Raman bands due to their short-range and poorly-order structure, respectively. Amorphous silica is observed at 1000 °C by the development of diagnostic broad and weak Raman bands. Mullite and cristobalite are detected at 1300 °C by the appearance of characteristic Raman bands. In firing of anatase-containing kaolinite, progressive thermal transform from anatase to rutile is observed at 1100–1300 °C by the appearance of Raman bands of rutile and by the decreasing of the anatase bands. The results can be applied in using micro-Raman spectroscopy as a non-destructive method for identification of thermal phases in the composition of modern and ancient ceramic. 相似文献
7.
Characterization of the granular packing and percolation threshold of reactive powder concrete 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Olivier Bonneau Christian Vernet Micheline Moranville Pierre-Claude Aïtcin 《Cement and Concrete Research》2000,30(12):1861-1867
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is a new cement-based material developed through microstructural engineering. RPC is composed of very fine powders: sand, crushed quartz and silica fume, all with particle sizes comprised between 300 and 0.02 μm, and a low water content, W/C<0.20. A very dense matrix is achieved by optimizing the granular packing of these powders. This compactness confers to RPC ultrahigh strength and durability.where Av depends on the nature and the dosage of the different mineral and organic components, and Bv is an invariant related to the granular packing. From 19 different RPC compositions, an average value of 12.1 with a standard deviation of 1.7 were found for Bv. The capillary porosity percolation threshold was also deduced from this relationship. It has been found that when the degree of hydration is equal to 26%, the capillary pore space is discontinuous. This last result is in agreement with the prediction of the NIST microstructural model by Bentz and Garboczi [D., Bentz, E. Garboczi, Percolation of phases in a three-dimensional cement paste microstructural model, Cem Concr Res 21 (2) (1991) 325–344]. A continuous determination of the degree of hydration based on electrical conductivity is proposed. 相似文献
The hydration kinetic of the cementitious matrix using electrical conductivity and isothermal calorimetry is presented. A linear relationship between the logarithm of conductivity ln(σ) and the degree of hydration , has been found:
ln(σ)=Av−Bv
8.
Autogenous shrinkage of concrete: a balance between autogenous swelling and self-desiccation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
According to physical analyses, the driving force of autogenous shrinkage of concrete is the change in the capillary pressure induced by self-desiccation in its cement matrix. Self-desiccation is caused by the balance between the absolute volume reduction (chemical shrinkage) and the building up of the capillary network. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of the cement characteristics on the chain of mechanisms leading from hydration to autogenous deformations. Four parameters were selected: (i) for clinker, the amount of C3A and free lime and the SO3/K2O ratio; (ii) for cement, the fineness. To master the experimental area, 16 cements were prepared at the laboratory from pure raw materials. An important number of characterizing techniques were used in the experimental study. Their choice was based on the important parameters drawn from the physical analysis: setting time, suspension-solid transition, hydration kinetics through isothermal calorimetry and nonevaporable water, chemical shrinkage, evolution of relative humidity, capillary porosity and autogenous shrinkage. Using different techniques allowed to determine the precise mechanism of action of each parameter. Results showed that these mechanisms are generally different, even if their macroscopic consequences may be identical. This point will probably be useful for modeling and determining the industrial keys reducing the autogenous shrinkage. The physical mechanisms involved in autogenous deformations were further understood. In particular, this study shows that initial autogenous shrinkage should be considered as a balance between the self-desiccation and an initial swelling phase. The influence of the four parameters considered on this last phenomenon were also characterized. 相似文献
9.
The Client Verbal Response Category System classifies client responses into Temporal, Directional, and Experiential categories. These categories are defined with their subcategories, interjudge reliability data are presented, and the instrument's utility in psychotherapy process research is demonstrated. Initial results indicate that the instrument is reliable and that it is useful for clarifying the psychotherapeutic change process. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
Scialfa CT Deschênes MC Ference J Boone J Horswill MS Wetton M 《Accident; analysis and prevention》2011,(1):204-208
We developed a hazard perception test, modeled on that used currently in several Australian states, that presents short video scenes to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision between the “camera” vehicle and another road user. After eliminating those scenes that were problematic (e.g., many observers did not recognize the hazard), we predicted driver group (novice vs. experienced drivers of similar age) on the basis of individual differences in reaction time, miss rate and false alarm rate. Novices were significantly slower in responding to hazards, even after controlling for age and simple reaction time. After selecting those scenes with the larger group differences, an 18-scene test that would be useful for mass testing exhibited even larger experience effects. There was good reliability in the resulting scale. Results suggest that this brief test of hazard perception can discriminate groups that differ in driving experience. Implications for driver licensing, evaluation and training are discussed. 相似文献