Response of inertinites from some Australian coals to non-catalytic hydrogenation in tetralin

Inertinite concentrates from three Australian bituminous coals were hydrogenated at various temperatures ranging from 350 to 475 °C in the presence of tetralin without any added catalyst. Both conversion yields and microscopic observations of the benzene-extracted hydrogenation residues have revealed that the hydrogenation of the inertinite macerals becomes significant only > 400 °C, whereas the dissolution-hydrogenation of the accompanying vitrinite macerals occurs mainly between 350 and 400 °C. The major reaction pathway for the inertinite particles in the hydrogenation process appears to be one of initial mild carbonization followed by hydrogenation. A simplified reaction scheme is proposed which describes the reaction pathway involved in the hydrogenation of inertinite.     

A new voltage control equipment using fuzzy inference

Power system control equipment needs higher sensitivity and operational reliability. Advanced voltage control equipment is needed for reducing the frequency of tap changes and improving the characteristics (the relationship between the actual voltage and reference voltage) of the voltage to meet today's power system requirements. However, these objectives are in a trade-off relationship. Studies of voltage control derived from a knowledge base suitable for electric power systems can satisfy these objectives using fuzzy inference. Compared with corresponding conventional equipment, the new equipment improved the deviation of 30 min average voltage of 30 percent. This paper describes the design concept of new voltage control equipment using fuzzy inference. In addition, field test results are described along with rules of fuzzy inference, membership functions, and the deviation of 30 min average voltage through detailed simulation.     

Design of nonlinear controllers for active vehicle suspension with state constraints

Design of active vehicle suspension has tradeoffs between three main performance metrics (passenger comfort, suspension deflection and road holding ability). It has been known that each performance can be achieved by H _∞ controller and they can be gathered by LPV (Linear Parameter Varying) method. However, because the suspension deflection limit was not explicitly considered, this limit may be exceeded. In this paper, the authors propose a “reference shaping“ based method in order to improve the control performance. In this approach, a “virtual reference” signal is imposed to the system such that the suspension deflection is kept small. The effectiveness of the approach is examined by numerical simulations. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Co-crosslinking blend of incompatible polymers VI: Poly(vinyl chloride) toughened with polyethylene via a co-crosslinking technique

A binary blend which consists of two incompatible polymers such as poly(vinyl chloride) and polyethylene has been performed through a partial co-crosslinking reaction with peroxide to give a co-crosslinked blend with a uniform dispersion of small polyethylene particles and with an improved mechanical property. The results are obtained through the formation of a co-crosslinked product which acts as a potential solid phase dispersant as well as a well-bonded reinforcing interlayer on polyethylene particles uniformly dispersed in poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. The resulting blends (PVC/PE=10/90 wt) give carbon spherules of 0.5 to 1m diameter through pressure-carbonization at 650° C for 1 h.     

Dynamic moduli for short fiber-CR composites

The dynamic moduli, E′ and E″, and tan δ for nylon–CR and PET–CR composites with unidirectional short fibers were studied as a function of temperature by using a Rheovibron. The temperature dependence of tan δ showed two dispersion peaks for nylon–CR composite. The peak at ?28°C corresponded to the main dispersion of CR and the peak at 100°C to the α-dispersion of nylon 6. For a PET-CR composite, in addition to the individual dispersion of CR and PET, a small and broad peak was observed at about 90°C. The angular dependence of E′ indicated that the short fibers assumed good orientation. The storage modulus for the composites was given by the parallel model as E′ = V_f′E_f + V_mE′_m., where E′_c, E′_f and E′_m were the storage modulus for the composite, fiber, and matrix and V_f and V_m were the volume fraction of fiber and matrix, respectively. In the transverse direction of fiber, the peak values of tan δ at ?28°C were given by the following equation; tan δ_c = tan δ_m ? δV_f, where tan δ_c and tan δ_m are the loss tangent for the composite and matrix, respectively, and α is coefficient depending on fiber type. The results indicated that a region with strong interaction was formed between fibers and CR matrix.     

The hydrogen-electrode reaction in the isotopically mixed system—II. Evaluation of the electrolytic separation factor of deuterium from the rest potential of the hydrogen electrode in the deuterium-containing system

The rest potential, E_r, of the hydrogen electrode in deuterium-containing hydrogen and a solution of light water as referred to the reversible hydrogen electrode in the light hydrogen and the same solution is formulated as a function of deuterium content of the gaseous hydrogen and the deuterium separation factor, S_b, in the hydrogen ionization reaction. It is shown that the relation is not significantly affected by the operative mechanism of the hydrogen-electrode reaction. Consequently, the relation provides a convenient method of evaluating S_b from the observation of E_r.

Experiments were carried out on Pt, Ni, Au and Ag in the system composed of deuterium-containing hydrogen and light water. The value of S_b as evaluated from E_r was practically independent of the deuterium content in the gaseous hydrogen. The values obtained were 1·1 for Pt in acidic and alkaline solutions, 1·6 for Ni in alkaline solution, 1·2 for Au and 1·5 for Ag, both in acidic solution. These values multiplied by the partition coefficient of deuterium between hydrogen and water (4·0 at room temperature) give approximate values of the deuterium separation factor in the hydrogen evolution reaction.     

Changes in pore properties of phenol formaldehyde-based carbon with carbonization and oxidation conditions

Porous carbon beads were prepared by carbonizing at 700 and 1000 °C under N₂ (NN-series) or CO₂ atmospheres (CO-series) and a subsequent oxidization with boiling nitric acid solution (13%, v/v) for 3 h (ANN- and ACO-series). BET surface area of both CO- and NN-series samples tends to increase with increasing carbonization temperature, but CO-series samples show higher BET surface areas (700 °C: 610 m²/g, 1000 °C: 780 m²/g) compared with those of NN-series samples (700 °C: 380 m²/g, 1000 °C: 580 m²/g). After acid oxidation, BET surface areas of NN-series samples increased from 580 to 650 m²/g, whereas those of CO-series samples decreased from 780 to 600 m²/g. On subsequent acid oxidation, acidic surface functional groups increased in both CO- and NN-series samples, but the CO-series samples tend to have much more acidic surface functional groups. Adsorption of halogenated methanes, such as tetra-, tri- and dichloromethanes, onto the samples of CO-, NN-, ACO- and ANN-series was thought to be driven initially by the basicity, but the acidic functional groups that could attract adsorbates via dipole-dipole interaction might hinder the adsorption of subsequently incoming adsorbates.     

Heavy oil sorption and recovery by using carbon fiber felts

On fibrous carbon materials, including activated carbon fibers, sorption capacity for heavy oils, less viscous A-grade and more viscous C-grade, was determined. Sorption capacity depended strongly on their bulk density; the correlation was the same as that found previously on exfoliated graphite and carbonized fir fibers. On carbon fiber felts, excellent recycling performance was observed, though sorption capacity was not so high as on exfoliated graphite and carbonized fir fibers. By filtration under suction, about 90% of sorbed A-grade heavy oil could be recovered and no decrease in sorption capacity was detected even after eight cycles. By washing with solvents, n-hexane for A- and C-grade oils and A-grade oil for C-grade oil, almost 100% recovery with no marked reduction in sorption capacity was found for each cycle. For the felts of PAN-based carbon fibers, rather severe operations for oil recovery, centrifugation and squeezing with twisting, could be applied without pronounced decreases in sorption capacity and recovery ratio.     

Micrinite and exudatinite in some Australian coals,and their relation to the generation of petroleum

The occurrence and microscopic features of micrinite and exudatinite in some Australian coals are reported. The origin of these macerals and also the significance of their occurrence are discussed in connection with hydrocarbon genesis. In Australia, micrinite occurs in bituminous and sub-bituminous coals which are very rich in inertinite, and also in brown coal rich in inertinite. One of the possible progenitors of micrinite is oxidized porigelinite. There is little reason to conclude that micrinite was formed from resinite and other macerals at an early stage of coalification and that liquid hydrocarbons were formed during this process. Exudatinite occurs in sub-bituminous and high-volatile bituminous coals in the Gippsland Basin. There is no positive evidence of a genetic relation between liquid hydrocarbons, exudatinite, micrinite and liptinite macerals. The formation of liquid hydrocarbons from solid liptinite etc. may take place just before and during Teichmüller's so-called ‘2nd coalification jump’.