Policies and Initiatives for Carbon Neutrality in Nordic Heating and Transport Systems

Policies and initiatives promoting carbon neutrality in the Nordic heating and transport systems are presented. The focus within heating systems is the promotion of HPs （heat pumps） while the focus within transport systems is initiatives regarding EVs （electric vehicles）. It is found that the conversion to HPs in the Nordic region relies on both private economic and national economic incentives. Initiatives toward carbon neutrality in the transport system are mostly concentrated on research, development and demonstration for deployment of a large number of EVs. All Nordic countries have plans for the future heating and transport systems with the ambition of realizing carbon neutrality.     

Groundwater Allocation Using a Groundwater Level Response Management Method—Gnangara Groundwater System, Western Australia

The Gnangara groundwater system (Gnangara system) is an important source of groundwater for Perth, Western Australia: in the order of 350 GL of groundwater is abstracted annually. The Gnangara system also sustains groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs), mostly wetlands and native vegetation. Declining groundwater levels across the system have led to impacts on a number of key GDEs. Western Australia’s Department of Water recently prepared a Water Management Plan for the Gnangara system. Allocation limits were reviewed as part of the plan preparation. To assist in reviewing allocation limits, an adaptive Groundwater Level Response Management (GWLRM) methodology was developed and implemented. This paper describes the methodology and its application to the Gnangara system. The methodology was developed to be used as a corrective tool for the short- and medium-term, to assist in achieving long-term sustainability of groundwater management in the context of changing climate and declining groundwater levels. The GWLRM methodology is based on groundwater storage depletion and can be applied to existing allocation limits as an interim tool to assist in making management decisions aimed at recovering groundwater resources. The key to the GWRLM correction is that it will direct water allocation towards sustainable levels on the basis of measured trends. Allocations corrected through application of the GWRLM would therefore represent interim and improved water allocation figures. GWLRM can also identify potential problem areas where the principles or calculations used for long-term sustainable groundwater allocation would need to be reviewed. For the Gnangara system, the calculated storage changes or GWLRM corrections were considered together with results of predictive modelling as part of an expert panel process to derive a more sustainable interim groundwater allocation regime while further research is being completed.     

水处理系统和方法

本文介绍了用于污染水处理的示范性系统和方法。在一个实例中，在污染水存在条件使用者种方法向移动中的介质过滤器提供金属盐试剂。该方法还可以引入移动介质过滤器上游的废水，降低移动介质过滤器的排出水中的污染物浓度。