Fabrication of core–shell structured macrocapsules by electro‐coextrusion with agar–hydrocolloid mixtures for precooked food applications: textural and release characteristics

Textural and release characteristics of three types of core–shell macrocapsules, fabricated by electro‐coextrusion with agar only, an agar/fish gelatin (80:20) mixture or an agar/κ‐carrageenan (80:20) mixture at a total hydrocolloid concentration of 2% (w/v) and different applied voltages (0–8 kV), were investigated. The capsule diameter (1.1–1.6 mm) and shell thickness (15.1–38.4 μm) decreased with increasing applied voltage. Mixing agar with fish gelatin or κ‐carrageenan reduced slightly the capsule hardness and breaking energy; however, the capsule integrity was solid enough for safe handling. The release of core (olive oil containing a dye) in boiling water followed first‐order kinetics and was retarded significantly when κ‐carrageenan was mixed with agar but accelerated with fish gelatin addition (only 2.5–3.4 min for the release of 80% of the core). The agar/fish gelatin macrocapsules can be applied in precooked foods, because they are mechanically stable and can rapidly release the core upon contact with hot water.     

Identification of a Chitooligosaccharide Mechanism against Bacterial Leaf Blight on Rice by In Vitro and In Silico Studies

This study focuses on a commercial plant elicitor based on chitooligosaccharides (BIG^®), which aids in rice plant growth and disease resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB). When the pathogen (Xoo) vigorously attacks rice that has suffered yield losses, it can cause damage in up to 20% of the plant. Furthermore, Xoo is a seed-borne pathogen that can survive in rice seeds for an extended period. In this study, when rice seeds were soaked and sprayed with BIG^®, there was a significant increase in shoot and root length, as well as plant biomass. Furthermore, BIG^®-treated rice plants showed a significant reduction in BLB severity of more than 33%. Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) analysis was used to characterize BIG^®’s mechanism in the chemical structure of rice leaves. The SR-FTIR results at 1650, 1735, and 1114 cm⁻¹ indicated changes in biochemical components such as pectins, lignins, proteins, and celluloses. These findings demonstrated that commercial BIG^® not only increased rice growth but also induced resistance to BLB. The drug’s target enzyme, Xoo 1075 from Xanthomonas oryzae (PDB ID: 5CY8), was analyzed for its interactions with polymer ingredients, specifically chitooligosaccharides, to gain molecular insights down to the atomic level. The results are intriguing, with a strong binding of the chitooligosaccharide polymer with the drug target, revealing 10 hydrogen bonds between the protein and polymer. Overall, the computational analysis supported the experimentally demonstrated strong binding of chitooligosaccharides to the drug target.