Screening demand-side management programs with a value-based test

A value-based test is presented for economic screening of electric utility demand-side management (DSM) programs. The widely used least cost test is valid if the programs do not alter the amount or value of energy services provided to customers. But, in general, DSM programs have such effects and, as a result, the value consumers receive is changed. A more general economic efficiency test, the most value test, provides a practical method for considering the effects of DSM on customer value. The version presented allows for multiple load periods and can account for rate impacts on several customer classes. Four typical DSM programs are evaluated as illustrations     

The morphology of rigid-rod polymers and molecular composites resulting from coagulation processing

The effects of processing conditions on the morphology of molecular composite films are examined by optical and electron microscopy. During coagulation processing from solutions in methanesulfonic acid (MSA), rigid-rod polymer, such as poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO), phase separates into undesirable aggregates. The coagulant and the method of its introduction have been found to exert a strong impact on the final film morphology. A quench of a PBO solution in MSA into a water bath results in a three dimensional interconnected network of PBO, while a slower introduction of water results in a more amorphous material. A computer simulation program of the coagulation process has been developed to better understand the different structures emerging from coagulation processing of molecular composites. The simulation results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.     

Military tobacco use: a synthesis of the literature on prevalence, factors related to use, and cessation interventions

Tobacco use remains the number one cause of preventable morbidity and premature death in the United States. As a result, military leaders are recognizing that tobacco can adversely affect military fitness levels, deployment readiness, and safety and can increase health care costs. Yet military members continue to use tobacco. Tobacco may be viewed as part of the military culture since military members have used tobacco for many decades for pleasure, comfort, and currency and as a morale booster. Most recently, the military has seen an increase in tobacco use among young military members. A number of research studies have examined the prevalence of tobacco and factors related to use in the military, and several have evaluated cessation and prevention interventions. This article provides a brief historical perspective of military tobacco use in the 20th century and a critical review of the literature published between 1991 and 2006 describing prevalence of tobacco use, factors influencing use, and cessation interventions in the military. Recommendations for future research and for interventions are provided.     

Determination of the viremia threshold for dental cross-infection in a mouse model

An animal model of dental virus transmission was developed using the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice to study cross infection. Mouse-to-mouse cross-infection was carried out by scaling the teeth of LDV-infected donor mice with dental instruments, immediately prior to using the contaminated instruments on the teeth of recipient indicator mice. The level of donor viremia was found to correlate with the rate of virus cross-infection, with a viremia threshold level of 10(7.5) ID50/ml observed for dental cross-infection. The blood volume transferred during dental cross-infection was approximately 10(-4) to 10(-5) ml, demonstrating the inefficiency of virus cross-infection, since deposition of about 1000 virions on dental instruments was associated with the threshold limit. Virus transferred during dental cross-infection rapidly entered the blood circulation, showing that dental cross-infection was not dependent on an oral infection. The results from these model studies predict the general inefficiency of dental instrument virus cross-infection, and a further reduced likelihood of dental cross-infection with appropriately cleaned instruments.     

A comparative study of human skin thermal response to sapphirecontact and cryogen spray cooling

Surface cooling, in conjunction with various thermally mediated therapeutic procedures, can provide a means to protect superficial tissues from injury while achieving destruction of deeper targeted structures. We have investigated the thermal response of in-vivo human skin to: (1) contact cooling with a sapphire window (6-12°C); and (2) spray cooling with a freon substitute cryogen [tetrafluoroethane; boiling point ≈-26°C at 1 atmospheric pressure (atm)]. Measurements utilizing infrared radiometry show surface temperature reductions from 30°C to 14-19°C are obtained within approximately is in response to sapphire contact cooling. Surface temperature reductions to values between 5°C and -9°C are obtained in response to 20-100-ms cryogen spurts. Computational results, based on fitting the measured radiometric surface temperature to estimate heat transfer parameters, show: (1) temperature reductions remain localized to approximately 200 μm of superficial tissue; and (2) values of heat flux and total energy removed per unit skin surface area at least doubled when using cryogen spray cooling     

High-transconductance n-type Si/SiGe modulation-doped field-effecttransistors

The authors report on the fabrication and the resultant device characteristics of the first 0.25-μm gate-length field-effect transistor based on n-type modulation-doped Si/SiGe. Prepared using ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD), the mobility and electron sheet charge density in the strained Si channel are 1500 (9500) cm²/V-s and 2.5×10¹² (1.5×10¹² ) cm^-2 at 300 K (77 K). At 77 K, the devices have a current and transconductance of 325 mA/mm and 600 mS/mm, respectively. These values far exceed those found in Si MESFETs and are comparable to the best results achieved in GaAs/AlGaAs modulation-doped transistors     

A novel four-point bend test for strength measurement of opticalfibers and thin beams. II. Statistical analysis

In the first part of this work, a novel implementation of the well-known four-point bend test is described that determines the strength of thin beams and optical fibers by measuring the loading pin displacement, rather than the applied load. This paper extends the analysis of the nonlinear bending behavior to account for the stochastic nature of strength. A statistical analysis is presented that determines the effective tested length in bending and the tension to bending strength ratio. Results are given for both surface and volume flaws as well as for specimens of both circular and rectangular section. Strength measurements on a deliberately weakened silica optical fiber are consistent with the predictions of the analysis     

Fatty acid composition of oils from 21 species of marine fish,freshwater fish and shellfish

The fatty acid composition of body lipids was determined by GLC for 14 species of saltwater fish, three species of freshwater fish and four species of shellfish. In addition, liver lipids of two species and egg lipids of one species were analyzed for comparison with the fish body lipids. The various species ranged from lean to fatty and contained from 0.7~15.5% oil in the tissues. Certain major fatty acids were found to vary widely among the species, as follows: 1.6~8.0% myristic, 9.5~33.4% palmitic, 2.0~11.2% palmitoleic, 5.2~29.1% oleic, 0.7~10.5% eicosenoic, 5.0~21.5% eicosapentaenoic, 0.2~11.6% docosenoic and 5.9~26.2% docosahexaenoic acids. Analyses of two separate mullet-oil samples illustrated the wide differences that are possible for a single species caught during different seasons. Significant differences in the amt of particular fatty acids were found in comparing freshwater-fish analyses with analyses for marine fish. Oysters and scallops showed large amt of pentaenoic and hexaenoic acids in their oils. Presented in part at the AOCS Meeting, New York, 1960.     

Cuticular hydrocarbons ofReticulitermes virginicus (Banks) and their role as potential species- and caste-recognition cues

The cuticular hydrocarbon components of four castes ofReticulitermes virginicus (Banks) have been identified and quantitated. Components identified includen-alkanes; 2-, 3-, 11-, 13-, and 15-methyl-alkanes; 11,15-dimethylalkanes, (Z)-9-alkenes; (Z,Z)-7,9-dienes; and (E/Z)-6,9-dienes ranging in carbon number from C₂₁ to C₄₀. All caste forms ofR.virginicus contained the same components, but showed caste-specific proportions. Comparison of these hydrocarbons with those of the sympatric termiteR. flavipes (Kollar) suggest that cuticular hydrocarbons might serve as species- and caste-recognition cues. A bioassay was developed to test this species-recognition hypothesis, with the experimental results supporting the hypothesis.Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae.     

Free-radical grafting of cellulose in N-methylmorpholine oxide: Water-soluble pam-g-cellulose copolymers

The homogeneous graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) onto cellulose initiated by t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate in a cellulose solvent, N-methylmorpholine oxide (NMMO), was investigated. The method afforded water-soluble PAM-g-cellulose copolymers in fair yields. The copolymers produced are of low molecular weight (50,000–100,000 M?_w). Little apparent homopolymerization was observed.