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1.
2.
Fate of the chlorine and fluorine in a sub-bituminous coal during pyrolysis and gasification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The fate of the chlorine and fluorine present in a sub-bituminous coal from Indonesia during pyrolysis and gasification has been studied with fixed and entrained bed reactors. The rate profile for HCl evolved in the temperature programmed pyrolysis exhibits the main and shoulder peaks at 480 and 600 °C, respectively. Model experiments and subsequent Cl 2p XPS measurements show that HCl reacts with metal impurities and carbon active sites at 500 °C to be retained as inorganic and organic chlorine forms, from which HCl evolves again at elevated temperatures. It is suggested that the HCl observed in the coal pyrolysis may originate from the above-mentioned chlorine functionalities formed by secondary reactions involving the nascent char. In the CO2 gasification of the 900 °C char at 1000 °C and 2.5 MPa, any measurable amounts of HCl and HF could not be detected even at a high conversion of 75 wt% (daf), suggesting the accumulation of these halogens in the residual char. When the coal is injected into an O2-blown, entrained bed gasifier at 1200-1400 °C under 2.6 MPa, the partial oxidation proceeds to a larger extent at a higher O2/coal ratio, whereas the chlorine and fluorine are enriched in the remaining char, and the extent of the enrichment at the latter stage of gasification is larger with the fluorine. The XPS measurements of the chars reveal the presence of the broad F 1 s peak, which can cover a wide range of binding energies attributable to inorganic and organic fluorine. The halogen enrichment during gasification is discussed in terms of secondary reactions of HCl and HF with char. 相似文献
3.
Ken Shimomai Noboru Higashida Toshiaki Ougizawa Takashi Inoue Bernd Rudolf Jörg Kressler 《Polymer》1996,37(26):5877-5882
The miscibility of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and styrene-acrylonitrile random copolymers (SAN) blends was investigated on the basis of the Flory—Orwoll—Vrij equation of state theory. To obtain the equation of state parameters (P*, V*sp, T*: characteristic parameters), the pressure—volume—temperature (PVT) behaviour was measured for PMMA and a series of SANs with various acrylonitrile contents. The exchange energy parameter Xij was also calculated by fitting the theory to some phase diagrams of PMMA/SAN blends. The Flory—Huggins interaction parameter χ was separated into two contributions based on the equation of state theory for mixtures: the exchange energy term χinter and the free volume term χfree. Both the temperature and copolymer composition dependences of χinter and χfree were estimated by calculations using the equation of state parameters. There exists a region in which χinter is negative, leading to a miscibility window in PMMA/SAN blends. However, the immiscibility at high temperatures in the blends cannot be explained only by χinter; it is caused by the free volume contribution, χfree. The miscibility window behaviour in PMMA/SAN blends may be explained within the framework of the equation of state theory. 相似文献
4.
Hideto Matsuyama Kentarou Hayashi Taisuke Maki Masaaki Teramoto Noboru Kubota 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2004,93(1):471-474
Microporous high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) hollow fiber membranes were prepared from polyethylene–diisodecyl phthalate solution via thermally induced phase separation. Effect of the polyethylene density on the membrane structure and performance was investigated. The HDPE membrane showed about five times higher water permeability than the LDPE membrane because it had the larger pore and the higher porosity at the outer membrane surface. The formation of the larger pore was owing to both the initial larger structure formed by spinodal decomposition and the suppression of the diluent evaporation from the outer membrane surface due to the higher solution viscosity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 471–474, 2004 相似文献
5.
Noboru Hashimoto Yasushi Sawada Takashi Bando Hiroyoshi Yoden Shigehito Deki 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1991,74(6):1282-1286
AIN powder was synthesized from aluminum polynuclear complexes. Basic aluminum chloride and basic aluminum lactate were used as the aluminum polynuclear complexes. These starting materials and glucose were dissolved in water and mixed homogeneously. AIN powder was obtained by calcining after drying and precalcining at 800°C under nitrogen gas flow. Then excess carbon was removed by firing in air. Nitridation in the system was investigated and compared with that in the alumina–carbon black system. It was found that in our reaction system nitridation began and proceeded at lower calcination temperatures above 1200°C than in the alumina–carbon black system. Using aluminum polynuclear complexes, AIN was synthesized through the nitridation of γ-alumina and produced in a very fine and sharp particle size distribution. 相似文献
6.
In order to study the deformation mechanism of type II stretching, the change in orientation during the restretching and subsequent thermal contraction was investigated by x-ray diffraction method. When a uniaxially oriented film is restretched, the lamellae which are stacked in the stretching direction by the stretching rotate as a whole toward the restretching axis. They rotate backward nearly reversibly during the thermal contraction, unless the restretching exceeds a balancing state, where the orientation in the film plane are equal in all directions. However, when the restretching degree is so high and the film orientation exceeds the balancing state, the lamellar rotation is accompanied by a complex phenomenon. It is considered from the wide-angle and small-angle x-ray diffraction patterns that the lamellar surface becomes indented because of slippage between microfibrils composing the lamellae, and the microfibrils themselves bend at the boundary between the amorphous and crystalline regions within which the tilting of c-axis also occurs. Upon contracting of the film; these changes recover, but even in the last stage of contraction the orientation approaches the symmetrical biaxial orientation but not the uniaxial orientation from which the biaxial orientation is started. These orientation and disorientation behaviors are not affected basically by a slight change in the restretching temperature and the degree of stretching. 相似文献
7.
Boosting is known as a gradient descent algorithm over loss functions. It is often pointed out that the typical boosting algorithm, Adaboost, is highly affected by outliers. In this letter, loss functions for robust boosting are studied. Based on the concept of robust statistics, we propose a transformation of loss functions that makes boosting algorithms robust against extreme outliers. Next, the truncation of loss functions is applied to contamination models that describe the occurrence of mislabels near decision boundaries. Numerical experiments illustrate that the proposed loss functions derived from the contamination models are useful for handling highly noisy data in comparison with other loss functions. 相似文献
8.
Kernel methods are known to be effective for nonlinear multivariate analysis. One of the main issues in the practical use of kernel methods is the selection of kernel. There have been a lot of studies on kernel selection and kernel learning. Multiple kernel learning (MKL) is one of the promising kernel optimization approaches. Kernel methods are applied to various classifiers including Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). FDA gives the Bayes optimal classification axis if the data distribution of each class in the feature space is a gaussian with a shared covariance structure. Based on this fact, an MKL framework based on the notion of gaussianity is proposed. As a concrete implementation, an empirical characteristic function is adopted to measure gaussianity in the feature space associated with a convex combination of kernel functions, and two MKL algorithms are derived. From experimental results on some data sets, we show that the proposed kernel learning followed by FDA offers strong classification power. 相似文献
9.
We perform first principles total energy calculations to study the energetics, and the atomic structure of the adsorption of germane (GeH4) molecules on the Ge(001)-c(2 × 4) surface. The adsorption of a GeH4 unit occurs after its dissociation into a germanium trihydride (GeH3) and a hydrogen atom and a subsequent decomposition into a germanium dihydride (GeH2) subunit and H atoms. Consequently, we first consider the adsorption of GeH2 in two different configurations; the on-dimer and the intra-row geometries. Similar to the adsorption of SiH2 and GeH2 on Si(001), it is found that the on-dimer site is more stable than the intra-row geometry by 0.13 eV. However, in the adsorption of a GeH2 fragment together with two H atoms we find that the intra-row geometry is energetically more favorable, again, similar to the adsorption of SiH2 and GeH2 (plus two H atoms) on the Si(001) surface. 相似文献
10.
Currently, the development of leading‐edge technology for recording and loading human motion on the basis of haptic information is required in the fields of manufacturing and human support. Human movement is an assembly of motion components. Since human movements should be supported by a robot in real time, it is necessary to integrate the motion components that were saved earlier. Once such motion integration is realized, future technology for use in daily human life can be developed. This paper proposes the integrated reproduction of the decomposed components of human motion by using a motion copying system. This system is the key technology for the realization of the acquisition, saving, and reproduction of real‐world haptic information. By using the proposed method, it is possible not only to achieve expert skill acquisition, skill transfer to robots, and power assist for each motion component, but also to open up new areas of applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(1): 28–35, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21263 相似文献