(<Emphasis Type="Italic">Z,Z</Emphasis>)-6,9-Heneicosadien-11-One: Major Sex Pheromone Component Of Painted Apple Moth, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teia anartoides</Emphasis>

(Z, Z)-6,9-Heneicosadien-11-one (Z6Z9-11-one-21Hy) was identified as the major sex pheromone component of the painted apple moth (PAM), Teia anartoides (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), on the basis of (1) comparative gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses, GC-mass spectrometry (MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-MS, and HPLC-UV/visible spectroscopy of pheromone gland extracts and authentic standards; (2) GC-EAD analyses of effluvia of calling females; and (3) wind tunnel and field trapping experiments with a synthetic standard. In field experiments in Australia, synthetic Z6Z9-11-one-21Hy as a single component attracted male moths. Wind tunnel experiments suggested that a 4-component blend consisting of Z6Z9-11-one-21Hy, (6Z,9R,10S)-cis-9,10-epoxy-heneicosene (Z6-9R10S-epo-21Hy), (E, E)-7,9-heneicosadien-6,11-dione (E7E9-6,11-dione-21Hy), and 6-hydroxy-(E, E)-7,9-heneicosadien-11-one (E7E9-6-ol-11-one-21Hy) (all present in pheromone gland extracts) might induce more males to orient toward, approach, and contact the source than did Z6Z9-11-one-21Hy as a single component. Additional experiments are needed to determine conclusively whether or not Z6-9R10S-epo-21Hy, E7E9-6,11-dione-21Hy, and E7E9-6-ol-11-one-21Hy might be minor sex pheromone components of PAM. Moreover, attractiveness of synthetic pheromone and virgin PAM females needs to be compared to determine whether synthetic pheromone could replace PAM females as trap baits in the program to monitor eradication of exotic PAM in New Zealand.     

One-step creation of hierarchical fractal structures

Relatively recently, we advanced a route to create, in a controlled fashion, combined horizontal and vertical stratified structures by simple and energy-efficient processing operations employing static mixing elements. While in state-of-the-art static mixing the focus is on layer multiplication, here the aim is to create hierarchical fractal structures. Therefore, the main question addressed in this article is how structures, rather than layers, can be multiplied. The key aspect is the addition of layers on the sides or in the midplane of the flow during the process; every addition step increases the hierarchy by one level. This article derives the general formalism for forming fractal structures with controlled hierarchy, and we develop the language required to design and construct the dies. The main part of the article addresses this main topic and is based on the splitting serpentine static mixer geometry that can be easily made on the parting surfaces of a mold on both the micro- and the macroscale. The second part of the article addresses the strategy to minimize the number of mirroring steps, eventually avoiding mirroring completely, and is based on the rotation-free multiflux static mixer geometry. With the design language derived, complex hierarchical fractal structures can be generated simply by changing the number and sequence of operators within extrusion dies or molds, providing a one-step solution to produce material structures for potential use in diverse applications ranging from advanced mechanical systems to photovoltaic devices, where controlled assembly of dissimilar materials, and the realization of huge interfaces and genuine cocontinuity throughout the cross section, is critical.     

Hysteresis minor loop analysis of plastically deformed low-carbon steel

This work investigates applicability of magnetic hysteresis method for non-destructive testing of plastically deformed low-carbon steel. Recently introduced Magnetic Adaptive Testing procedure was used for evaluation of hysteresis minor loop data-sets to find the most sensitive parameter/s for indication of the material degradation stage. Inductive measurements were carried out on two identically degraded series of samples: magnetically closed window-shaped specimens, equipped with the magnetizing and the induction coils, and magnetically open strips, measured by an attached magnetizing yoke. The aim was to compare the results between these sample series in order to determine applicability and limitations of the single-yoke measurement technique. As a result, new magnetic parameters with the best sensitivity–stability ratio in a wide deformation range were introduced and proposed for utilization. Good qualitative coincidence between the measurement results on the closed and the open sample series was obtained in all range of magnetization. Several quantitative distinctions were explained and analyzed in order to improve the single-yoke technique.     

Efficient storage and fast querying of source code

Enabling fast and detailed insights over large portions of source code is an important task in a global development ecosystem. Numerous data structures have been developed to store source code and to support various structural queries, to help in navigation, evaluation and analysis. Many of these data structures work with tree-based or graph-based representations of source code. The goal of this project is to elaborate a data storage that enables efficient storing and fast querying of structural information. The naive adjacency list method has been enhanced with the use of recent data compression approaches for column-oriented databases to allow no-loss albeit compact storage of fine-grained structural data. The graph indexing has enabled the proposed data model to expeditiously answer fine-grained structural queries. This paper describes the basics of the proposed approach and illustrates its technical feasibility.     

Morphology, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline ZnO films sensitized with Cd x Zn1−x S nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline ITO/ZnO films formed by porous zinc oxide microplatelets 1–3 μm in size and 100–200 nm in thickness, which consist of 30–50 nm ZnO crystallites, were sensitized to visible light by Cd _x Zn_1?x S nanocrystals deposited using the method of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). The composition of Cd _x Zn_1?x S nanocrystals as well as the dependence between molar Cd(II) fraction in the films and the ratio of cadmium and zinc nitrate concentrations in solutions used for the SILAR procedure were determined by a combination of electron, Raman, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies. The photovoltage observed at illumination of the ITO/ZnO/Cd _x Zn_1?x S heterostructures by white light (λ >400 nm) in aqueous Na₂S solution increases with a decrease of Cd(II) content proportionally to an increment in the conduction band potential of the Cd _x Zn_1?x S nanocrystals. The photocurrent density normalized to the light absorbance of the ITO/ZnO/Cd _x Zn_1?x S films increases by a factor of around four when the conduction band potential of Cd _x Zn_1?x S nanocrystals grows by 220 mV as a result of Cd(II) fraction changing from 1.0 to 0.62–0.67. The results show that Cd _x Zn_1?x S solid solutions are more advantageous sensitizers for the short-wavelength part of the sensitivity window of the liquid-junction solar cells (400–450 nm) than conventionally used cadmium sulfide.     

Local Non-contact Evaluation of the ac Magnetic Hysteresis Parameters of Electrical Steels by the Barkhausen Noise Technique

The potential of the magnetic Barkhausen noise method for local repeatable testing of the magnetic hysteresis properties of electrical steels was investigated. Strips of non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels were magnetized by a single yoke through 0–10 mm air gaps. The measurements were performed at standard ac conditions: 50 Hz sine induction waveform with different amplitudes. A vertically mounted array of three Hall sensors was used for the direct measurement of the surface magnetic field. The Barkhausen noise was detected locally by a surface-mounted pancake coil. The simultaneous measurement of the actual sample field makes it possible to stabilize a recently introduced parameter, called Barkhausen noise coercivity. This parameter demonstrates strong linear correlations to the hysteresis coercive force and to the hysteresis losses measured by the standard single sheet tester.     

Design and application of nanoparticle coating system with decoupled spray generation and deposition control

Coatings are widely used in various biomedical applications to change the interaction of the surfaces with bioactive materials. The key factors that determine the quality of a spray-coated layer are the size (order of a few microns in diameter) and dimensional uniformity of droplets in the spray and the droplet impact velocity. For many applications, coating quality is strongly dependent on the method and equipment used during the application process. This paper presents the development of a decoupled system for spray coating and micro-printing, which includes an ultrasonic spray generation device and a nozzle for the spray deposition independently operated. Design and development of the system as well as testing for different applications are presented in this paper. The system design can be potentially used for large area coating, such as windows and solar panels, as well as micro-printing of electronic circuits and numerous other applications.     

Effect of composition on the matrix transformation of the Co-Re-Cr-Ta-C alloys

Neutron diffraction measurement was performed in-situ at high temperatures on Co-Re-Ta-C alloys with and without Cr addition. This included alloys containing different C content with the C/Ta ratio varying between 0.5 and 1.0. The Co-Re-solid solution matrix of the experimental alloys is polymorphic (like in pure cobalt) and transformed from low temperature hexagonal ? phase to high temperature cubic γ phase on heating. This transformation is reversible and show hysteresis. The main alloying addition, Re, stabilizes the ? Co-phase and increases the transformation temperature to above 1273 K. The onset of the \(\varepsilon \rightleftharpoons \gamma\) transformation during heating and cooling was found to differ depending on the alloy composition. In alloys without Cr addition the transformation was not completed on cooling and the high temperature γ phase was partly retained at room temperature in metastable state with the amount depending on the cooling rate from high temperature. The diffraction and microstructural results showed that Cr is ? stabilizer (similar as Re) but the role of Ta is not clear. The C/Ta ratio has no direct effect on the matrix phase transformation. Nevertheless, it influences indirectly by determining the amount of Ta which is freely available in the matrix.     

Thermodynamic Properties of Superionic Phase Ag<Subscript>4</Subscript>HgSe<Subscript>2</Subscript>I<Subscript>2</Subscript> Determined by the EMF Method

Triangulation of the Ag-Hg-Se-I system in the vicinity of quaternary phase Ag₄HgSe₂I₂ was performed by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and electromotive force (EMF) methods. The spatial position of the phase region Ag₄HgSe₂I₂-Se-HgI₂ regarding the figurative point of silver was used to write the chemical reaction of formation of Ag₄HgSe₂I₂. The EMF measurements were carried out by applying an electrochemical cell: (–) C|Ag|Ag₂GeS₃ glass|Ag₄HgSe₂I₂, HgI₂, Se|C (+), where C is graphite and Ag₂GeS₃ glass is the fast purely Ag⁺ ions conducting electrolyte. The linear dependence of the EMF of the electrochemical cell on temperature was used to determine the standard thermodynamic values of Ag₄HgSe₂I₂ for the first time.