印度印刷业概况

在过去的15年内，印度印刷业发生了天翻地覆的变化。1990年，印度发起了一场破除贸易壁垒，实现经济自由化的改革。为了使印度经济与全球经济更好地融合，印度加快了推进私人化的进程。在这场改革中，许多印度印刷企业开始引进最新的技术和设备，这也为印度印刷业打开了通向现代化的大门。在过去的15年中，印度的年平均综合增长速度超过了12％，而包装行业目前更是达到超过16％的增长速度。     

Silver–clay nanohybrid structure for effective and diffusion-controlled antimicrobial activity

We describe here the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of silver–clay nanohybrid structure that was processed to exhibit a combination of accelerated and diffusion-controlled antimicrobial activity, with long term impact. The antimicrobial activity is assessed in terms of interaction with Escherichia coli, where the constituents of the nanohybrid structure play a synergistic role. Clay provides a physically stable surface for nucleation of silver nanoparticles. Additionally, the parallel- stacked layered structure of clay facilitates diffusion-controlled antimicrobial activity of in-situ precipitated silver. The antimicrobial activity is about four orders of magnitude greater than ex-situ precipitated bare silver particles. The study emphasizes the significance of controlling antimicrobial activity in nanostructured systems, which in the present case is enhanced and controlled antimicrobial activity with long term implication.     

Some block- and trellis-coded modulations for the Rayleigh fadingchannel

The error performance of a modulation code over a channel depends on several distance parameters and the path multiplicity of the code. For the AWGN channel, the error performance of a modulation code depends mainly on its minimum squared Euclidean distance and path multiplicity. For the Rayleigh fading channel, however, the error performance of a modulation code depends strongly on its minimum symbol distance, minimum product distance, and path multiplicity. It depends on the minimum squared Euclidean distance in a lesser degree. This paper is concerned with the construction of block and trellis MPSK modulation codes for the Rayleigh fading channel. In each construction, the distance parameters are chosen to achieve good error performance with reduced decoding complexity     

Measurement of focal length with phase-shifting Talbot interferometry

Phase-shifting interferometry with a Fourier fringe analysis technique is implemented to analyze Talbot interferometric fringes and to evaluate the focal length of a lens. A four-step algorithm is used to obtain the phase map of the lens. The slope of the phase map is related to the focal length, and it is from this relationship that we evaluate the focal length. Experimental results are presented. Our experimental study suggests that phase-shifting Talbot interferometry combined with a Fourier fringe analysis technique can be advantageously used to improve the accuracy of measurement.     

Cellular Mechanics of Modulated Osteoblasts Functions in Graphene Oxide Reinforced Elastomers

We describe here favorable modulation of osteoblasts functions and cell–substrate interactions in hybrid silicone elastomers consisting of biocompatible graphene oxide. Pressure induced curing was used to synthesize the hybrid silicone elastomer with high strength–high elongation combination. It was intriguing that the cell–substrate interactions in the hybrid silicone elastomer were observed to be significantly different from those observed in stand alone silicone. The origin of differences in cell–substrate interactions in terms of cell attachment, viability, and proliferation and assessment of proteins actin, vinculin, and fibronectin are addressed and attributed to physico‐chemical properties (topography and hydrophilicity) and to the presence of graphene oxide. The end outcome of the study is a new family of nanostructured polymer composite with desired (enhanced cell functions) and bulk properties (long term stability—high strength‐at‐break). The integration of cellular and molecular biology with material science and engineering described here provides an insight into the ability to modulate cellular and molecular reactions in promoting osteoinductive signaling of surface adherent cells, in the present case, osteoblasts for joint reconstruction.     

Cellular Mechanisms of Enhanced Osteoblasts Functions via Phase‐Reversion Induced Nano/Submicron‐Grained Structure in a Low‐Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel

We elucidate here the fundamental principles underlying the modulation of osteoblasts functions in stainless steel biomedical devices achieved by nanoscale/submicron grain structure obtained through the novel concept of phase reversion in a low Ni bearing 15Cr–9Mn–1.7Cu steel. Interestingly, a comparative investigation of nano/submicron (N‐SM) and coarse‐grained (CG) structure under identical conditions indicated that cell attachment, proliferation, and viability are favorably enhanced in N‐SM grained structure and significantly different from the CG structure. These observations were further confirmed by expression levels of vinculin and associated actin cytoskeleton. Computational analysis of immunofluorescence micrographs suggested increased vinculin concentration associated with actin stress fibers in the outer regions of the cells and cellular extensions, implying enhanced cell–substrate interactions on the N‐SM grained substrate. The favorable enhancement of osteoblasts functions and cellular attachment on N‐SM grained surface is attributed to ultrafine grain size, i.e., the availability of greater open lattice in the position of high angle grain boundaries, and high hydrophilicity. The integration of cellular and molecular biology with material science and engineering as described here provides a route to modulate cellular and molecular reactions in promoting osteoinductive signaling of surface adherent cells. The end outcome of the study is that stainless steels with low Ni contents in comparison to the conventionally used bioimplant with 10–13 wt%Ni, as specially processed, exhibit desired, enhanced cell functions, and bulk properties.     

Enhanced Fibroblasts Functions in a New Family of Hierarchically Organized Nanohybrid Elastomers

Fibroblasts functions in a new family of nanohybrid network elastomers with high strength‐at‐break involving pressure‐induced curing and short chain cross‐links of inorganic nanostructures have been investigated. The concept of chemical design and synthesis involves covalently linking nanometer‐sized titania with a bi‐functional agent, acrylic acid, which has a carboxylic group to coordinate with titania and a vinyl group to form short chain cross‐links as an integral part of the silicone network structure elastomer. Interestingly, the cell–substrate interactions in the hybrid network structure elastomer are significantly different from those observed in stand alone silicone. The origin of intriguing differences in cell–substrate interactions in terms of cell attachment, viability, and proliferation and assessment of proteins actin, vinculin, and fibronectin are addressed and attributed to physico‐chemical properties (topography and hydrophilicity) and to the presence of nanocrystalline titania. The end outcome of the study is a new family of soft tissue implants with desired (enhanced cell functions) and bulk properties (long term stability–high strength‐at‐break). The integration of cellular and molecular biology with material science and engineering described here provides an insight into the ability to modulate cellular and molecular reactions in promoting osteoinductive signaling of surface adherent cells, in the present case, fibroblasts for soft tissue reconstruction.     

Ranking of software engineering metrics by fuzzy‐based matrix methodology

This research paper presents a framework for ranking of software engineering metrics based on expert opinion elicitation and fuzzy‐based matrix methodology. The proposed methodology is able to accommodate the imprecise and inexact data involved in the problem of ranking of software engineering metrics, vagueness and ambiguity occurring during expert (human) decision making and to depart from the complexity of formulation of the objective and the constraint function. The matrices lend themselves to mechanical manipulations and are useful for analyzing and deriving systems functions expeditiously to meet the objectives. The current research is based on software engineering metrics identified in an earlier study conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A set of ranking criteria were identified. Software engineering metrics are then ranked in ascending order using experts' opinion in accordance with the value of Permanent function on their criteria matrix. The proposed methodology has also been compared with other known methodologies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.