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1.
Effect of cellulose acetate/cellulose triacetate ratio on reverse osmosis blend membrane performance
Yasmeen Elkony El-Sayed Mansour Amel Elhusseiny Shaker Ebrahim 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2020,60(11):2852-2863
Surface functionalization and modification including the grafting process are effective approaches to improve and enhance the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane performance. This work is aimed to synthesize grafted/crosslinked cellulose acetate (CA)/cellulose triacetate (CTA) blend RO membranes using N-isopropylacrylamide (N-IPAAm) as a monomer and N,N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBAAm) as a crosslinker. The morphology of these membranes was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and their surface roughness was characterized by atomic force microscopy. The performance of these membranes was evaluated through measuring two major parameters of salt rejection and water flux using RO unit at variable operating pressures. It was noted that the surface average roughness obviously decreased from 148 nm for the pure CA/CTA blend membrane with 2.5% CTA to 110 nm and 87 nm for the grafted N-IPAAm and grafted/crosslinked N-IPAAM/MBAAm/CA/CTA-RO membranes, respectively. Moreover, the contact angle decreased from 51.98° to 47.6° and 43.8° after the grafting and crosslinking process. The salt rejection of the grafted CA/CTA-RO membrane by 0.1% N-IPAAm produced the highest value of 98.12% and the water flux was 3.29 L/m2h at 10 bar. 相似文献
2.
D. M. Suckling R. W. Peck L. M. Manning L. D. Stringer J. Cappadonna A. M. El-Sayed 《Journal of chemical ecology》2008,34(12):1602-1609
Disruption of Argentine ant trail following and reduced ability to forage (measured by bait location success) was achieved
after presentation of an oversupply of trail pheromone, (Z)-9-hexadecenal. Experiments tested single pheromone point sources and dispersion of a formulation in small field plots. Ant
walking behavior was recorded and digitized by using video tracking, before and after presentation of trail pheromone. Ants
showed changes in three parameters within seconds of treatment: (1) Ants on trails normally showed a unimodal frequency distribution
of walking track angles, but this pattern disappeared after presentation of the trail pheromone; (2) ants showed initial high
trail integrity on a range of untreated substrates from painted walls to wooden or concrete floors, but this was significantly
reduced following presentation of a point source of pheromone; (3) the number of ants in the pheromone-treated area increased
over time, as recruitment apparently exceeded departures. To test trail disruption in small outdoor plots, the trail pheromone
was formulated with carnuba wax-coated quartz laboratory sand (1 g quartz sand/0.2 g wax/1 mg pheromone). The pheromone formulation,
with a half-life of 30 h, was applied by rotary spreader at four rates (0, 2.5, 7.5, and 25 mg pheromone/m2) to 1- and 4-m2 plots in Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Ant counts at bait cards in treated plots were significantly reduced compared to
controls on the day of treatment, and there was a significant reduction in ant foraging for 2 days. These results show that
trail pheromone disruption of Argentine ants is possible, but a much more durable formulation is needed before nest-level
impacts can be expected.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
3.
Some interesting properties of metals confined in time and nanometer space of different shapes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
El-Sayed MA 《Accounts of chemical research》2001,34(4):257-264
The properties of a material depend on the type of motion its electrons can execute, which depends on the space available for them (i.e., on the degree of their spatial confinement). Thus, the properties of each material are characterized by a specific length scale, usually on the nanometer dimension. If the physical size of the material is reduced below this length scale, its properties change and become sensitive to its size and shape. In this Account we describe some of the observed new chemical, optical, and thermal properties of metallic nanocrystals when their size is confined to the nanometer length scale and their dynamical processes are observed on the femto- to picosecond time scale. 相似文献
4.
A piezoelectric sprayer for dispensing semiochemicals was developed and used for a field test of bark beetle semiochemicals. The sprayer consists of a geared pump that pushes a syringe slowly to dispense semiochemicals in solvents through a microtube to a glass micropipet fixed to a piezoelectric high-frequency vibrator. The frequency is adjusted via a function generator to about 120 kHz until the harmonic properties of the glass micropipet, drawn by an electrophysiological pipet puller, cause vibrations that atomize the solvent from the micropipet tip. The sprayer, syringe, pump, function generator, and power supply were hung on one arm of a rotating trap pair (traps 6 m apart) that was slowly rotated at 2 revolutions per hour (rph) to even out the position effects on trap catches. The aggregation pheromone components of Pityogenes bidentatus, grandisol and cis-verbenol, were released by standard tube dispensers in one trap and compared to the release of similar amounts by the sprayer in the other trap. No significant differences in catch were observed. No effect of the solvent hexane on aggregation could be observed. The trap pair also caught approximately equal numbers of bark beetles when the baits were identical. The release of (+)and (–)--pinene, (+)-3-carene, and terpinolene, monoterpenes of host Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris, at increasing rates from 0.01 to 10 log-equivalents in decadic steps (each at 0.1–100 g/min) resulted in decreasing responses to aggregation pheromone (only 9% at highest rate). Inhibition by the individual monoterpenes tested at the 100 g/min rate was significant for (+)and (–)--pinene and terpinolene (12, 13, and 15% of control, respectively). The inhibition by the host Scotch pine monoterpenes may allow P. bidentatus to avoid resistant trees that release large amounts of toxic monoterpenes in their resin and instead colonize dying and diseased limbs or slash, the usual host substrate. The piezoelectric sprayer should prove generally useful to dispense precise amounts of semiochemicals in field and laboratory experiments. 相似文献
5.
Marwa A. Abd El-Fattah Moawad I. Dessouky Alaa M. Abbas Salaheldin M. Diab El-Sayed M. El-Rabaie Waleed Al-Nuaimy Saleh A. Alshebeili Fathi E. Abd El-samie 《International Journal of Speech Technology》2014,17(1):53-64
This paper proposes an adaptive Wiener filtering method for speech enhancement. This method depends on the adaptation of the filter transfer function from sample to sample based on the speech signal statistics; the local mean and the local variance. It is implemented in the time domain rather than in the frequency domain to accommodate for the time-varying nature of the speech signals. The proposed method is compared to the traditional frequency-domain Wiener filtering, spectral subtraction and wavelet denoising methods using different speech quality metrics. The simulation results reveal the superiority of the proposed Wiener filtering method in the case of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) as well as colored noise. 相似文献
6.
Ashraf El-Sayed Josef Gödde Peter Witzgall Heinrich Arn 《Journal of chemical ecology》1999,25(2):389-400
The behavioral responses of Lobesia botrana males to calling females, pheromone gland extracts, and synthetic sex pheromones were recorded in a wind tunnel. Gland extracts and synthetic pheromones were released from a pheromone evaporator. The numbers of males reaching the source and their flight tracks in response to calling females and pheromone gland extracts were compared to those of synthetic blends. Upwind flights to natural sex pheromone were straighter and faster than to a three-component blend of (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadienyl acetate (E7,Z9–12:Ac), (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadien-1-ol (E7,Z9–12:OH), and (Z)-9-docecenyl acetate (Z9–12:Ac) (100:20:5). The optimum ratio of E7,Z9–12:OH and Z9–12:Ac to E7,Z9–12:Ac was found to be 5% and 1%, respectively. An additional seven compounds identified in the sex pheromone gland were investigated for their biological activity. Two unsaturated acetates, i.e., (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12:Ac) and 11-dodecenyl acetate (11–12:Ac), increased the number of males reaching the source as well as straightness, linear velocity, and decreased the track angle of upwind flight. Optimum response was obtained by releasing 10 pg/min E7,Z9–12:Ac in a mixture with 0.5 pg/min E7,Z9–12:OH, 0.1 pg/min Z9–12:Ac, 0.1 pg/min E9– 12:Ac and 1 pg/min 11-12–Ac. The saturated acetates previously identified in the female glands were biologically inactive. 相似文献
7.
Bulk glasses of formal composition Ge28−xSe72Sbx with 0≤x≤28 were prepared by applying the quench technique. The optical transmission spectra—using a melt were measured in the range from 200 to 1200 nm for Ge28−xSe72Sbx films which are prepared by thermal evaporation technique. A simple, straightforward procedure suggested by Swanepoel, which is based on the use of interference fringes, has been applied to calculate the film thickness. On other hand the driving absorption coefficient (α), consequently the band tail width Ee and the optical band gap have been estimated. The real (ε′) and imaginary parts (ε″) of the dielectric constant have been determined and the optical band gap can also be calculated as a function of imaginary part (ε″). The dispersion parameters such as E0(single-oscillator energy), Ed (dispersive energy) and M−1, M−3 (moments) were discussed in terms of the single-oscillator Wemple–DiDomenico model. 相似文献
8.
A weakly nonlinear theory of wave propagation in two superposed dielectric fluids in the presence of a horizontal electric field is investigated in (2+1)-dimensions. The equation governing the evolution of the amplitude of the progressive waves is obtained in the form of a two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. A three-wave resonant interaction for nonlinear excitations created from electrohydrodynamic capillary-gravity waves is observed to be possible in a dispersive medium with a self-focusing cubic nonlinearity. Under suitable conditions, the nonlinear envelope equations for the resonant interaction are derived by using multiple scales and inverse scattering methods, and an explicit three-wave soliton solution is discussed. Both the dynamic properties and the modulational instability of finite amplitude electrohydrodynamic wave are studied for the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation by means of linearized stability analysis and the nonlinear interaction coefficient. We show that the trajectories in phase space exhibit different behavior with the increase of nonlinear perturbations, and we determine the electric field and wavenumber ranges at which the original point is elliptic or hyperbolic, respectively. It is found also that the presence of the electric field in the equation modifies the nature of wave stability and soliton structures, and that the amplitude and width of the soliton are decreased and increased, respectively, when the electric field value increases. 相似文献
9.
El-Sayed Ahmed El-Dahshan Tamer Hosny Abdel-Badeeh M. Salem 《Digital Signal Processing》2010,20(2):433-441
This paper presents a hybrid technique for the classification of the magnetic resonance images (MRI). The proposed hybrid technique consists of three stages, namely, feature extraction, dimensionality reduction, and classification. In the first stage, we have obtained the features related to MRI images using discrete wavelet transformation (DWT). In the second stage, the features of magnetic resonance images have been reduced, using principal component analysis (PCA), to the more essential features. In the classification stage, two classifiers have been developed. The first classifier based on feed forward back-propagation artificial neural network (FP-ANN) and the second classifier is based on k-nearest neighbor (k-NN). The classifiers have been used to classify subjects as normal or abnormal MRI human images. A classification with a success of 97% and 98% has been obtained by FP-ANN and k-NN, respectively. This result shows that the proposed technique is robust and effective compared with other recent work. 相似文献
10.
In general, the traditional types of power screws may be considered as ordinary screw threads with certain dimensional restrictions recommended to improve their dry working performance. However, when applying the theory of externally pressurized lubrication to such machine elements, it may be inconvenient to confine the study to such constraints. The problem is investigated considering the general form of the screw thread; the optimum combination of the thread parameters for the most suitable externally pressurized power screw are determined.A new profile for externally pressurized power screws is suggested and proved to be more convenient and efficient than the ordinary profiles. 相似文献