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1.
2.
We present a two-sorted algebra, called aPeirce algebra, of relations and sets interacting with each other. In a Peirce algebra, sets can combine with each other as in a Boolean algebra, relations can combine with each other as in a relation algebra, and in addition we have both a set-forming operator on relations (the Peirce product of Boolean modules) and a relation-forming operator on sets (a cylindrification operation). Two applications of Peirce algebras are given. The first points out that Peirce algebras provide a natural algebraic framework for modelling certain programming constructs. The second shows that the so-calledterminological logics arising in knowledge representation have evolved a semantics best described as a calculus of relations interacting with sets. 相似文献
3.
M Küchle A Amberg P Martus NX Nguyen GO Naumann 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,81(10):862-866
AIM/BACKGROUND: The pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is frequently associated with impairment of the blood-aqueous barrier. This study analysed if this might stimulate secondary cataract following cataract extraction. METHODS: This historical cohort study included 197 eyes of 197 patients (99 with and 98 without PEX) that underwent extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation (PMMA optic) between 1985 and 1991. Secondary cataract was defined as opacification of the axial posterior capsule and decrease of visual acuity by two or more lines. Mean follow up was 23.8 months. For statistical analysis, the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used. RESULTS: Secondary cataract was observed within 24 months in 35% (SD 7%) of all eyes, and was significantly more frequent in eyes with PEX (45 (11)%) than in eyes without PEX (24 (9)%, p < 0.03). Eyes with diabetes mellitus (n = 32) showed a significantly lower frequency of secondary cataract (11 (11)%) than eyes without diabetes mellitus (39 (8)%, p < 0.01). The influences of sex, open angle glaucoma, type of cataract, surgeon, positioning of IOL, and phacoemulsification versus nuclear expression on secondary cataract did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The higher frequency of secondary cataract could be considered as another potential complication of cataract surgery in eyes with PEX. 相似文献
4.
David A. Naumann 《Formal Aspects of Computing》2007,19(2):205-224
In object-oriented programming, reentrant method invocations and shared references make it difficult to achieve adequate encapsulation
for sound modular reasoning. This tutorial paper surveys recent progress using auxiliary state (ghost fields) to describe
and achieve encapsulation. It also compares this technique with encapsulation in the forms provided by separation logic. Encapsulation
is assessed in terms of modular reasoning about invariants and simulations. 相似文献
5.
Markert Yvonne; Koditz Jens; Ulbrich-Hofmann Renate; Arnold Ulrich 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》2003,16(12):1041-1046
The virtue of the so-called proline concept andthe charge concept for stabilizing protease-susceptibleregions of a protein structure was compared on bovine pancreaticribonuclease A. Alanine 20 and serine 21, both of whichare located in a loop that is susceptible to the unspecificproteases subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin BPN', proteinaseK and elastase, were replaced with proline or lysine by site-directedmutagenesis. The rate constant of proteolysis was decreasedby up to three orders of magnitude for the proline mutants dependingon the site of the mutation and the protease used. In contrast,substitution by lysine increased the proteolytic resistanceby only one order of magnitude characterizing the prolineconcept as superior to the charge concept.Although the four applied proteases are considered to be unspecific,the degree of stabilization of the ribonuclease molecule variedconsiderably, indicating the impact of individual differencesin their substrate specificity on the proteolytic resistanceand degradation pathway of the target protein. Received May 12, 2003; revised October 23, 2003; accepted October 30, 2003 相似文献
6.
Long MM DeLucas LJ Smith C Carson M Moore K Harrington MD Pillion DJ Bishop SP Rosenblum WM Naumann RJ Chait A Prahl J Bugg CE 《Microgravity science and technology》1994,7(2):196-202
One of the major stumbling blocks that prevents rapid structure determination using x-ray crystallography is macromolecular crystal growth. There are many examples where crystallization takes longer than structure determination. In some cases, it is impossible to grow useful crystals on earth. Recent experiments conducted in conjunction with NASA on various Space Shuttle missions have demonstrated that protein crystals often grow larger and display better internal molecular order than their earth-grown counterparts. This paper reports results from three Shuttle flights using the Protein Crystallization Facility (PCF). The PCF hardware produced large, high-quality insulin crystals by using a temperature change as the sole means to affect protein solubility and thus, crystallization. The facility consists of cylinders/containers with volumes of 500, 200, 100, and 50 ml. Data from the three Shuttle flights demonstrated that larger, higher resolution crystals (as evidenced by x-ray diffraction data) were obtained from the microgravity experiments when compared to earth-grown crystals. 相似文献
7.
Making it easier for older people to talk to smart homes: the effect of early help prompts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. Maria Wolters Klaus-Peter Engelbrecht Florian Gödde Sebastian Möller Anja Naumann Robert Schleicher 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2010,9(4):311-325
It is well known that help prompts shape how users talk to spoken dialogue systems. This study investigated the effect of
help prompt placement on older users’ interaction with a smart home interface. In the dynamic help condition, help was only
given in response to system errors; in the inherent help condition, it was also given at the start of each task. Fifteen older
and sixteen younger users interacted with a smart home system using two different scenarios. Each scenario consisted of several
tasks. The linguistic style users employed to communicate with the system (interaction style) was measured using the ratio of commands to the overall utterance length (keyword ratio) and the percentage of content
words in the user’s utterance that could be understood by the system (shared vocabulary). While the timing of help prompts
did not affect the interaction style of younger users, it was early task-specific help supported older users in adapting their
interaction style to the system’s capabilities. Well-placed help prompts can significantly increase the usability of spoken
dialogue systems for older people. 相似文献
8.
A key challenge faced by organizations is to provide project teams with workspaces, information, and collaboration technologies
that fosters creativity and high-performance team productivity. This requires understanding the relation between and impacts
of (1) workspace, (2) activity and content that is created, and (3) social, behavioral, and cognitive aspects of work. This
paper describes an exploratory study of everyday activities in the context of knowledge work in a shared workspace used by
a high-tech global design team that explores future products. The study formalizes key elements for productive knowledge work
as a function of tasks, context, and team. It identifies enablers, hindrances, and requirements for physical, virtual, and
social work environments. The study identified, through semi-structured interviews, surveys, and on-site shadowing, a key
workspace component that facilitates dynamic participation of all team members. This workspace component is a wall used as
a large, public, physical display surface for project content (the WALL). The WALL acts as a mediator for individual reflection-in-action
and team reflection-in-interaction. It serves as “social glue” both between individuals and between geographically distributed
subgroups. 相似文献
9.
We explore in this paper the relation between activities, communication channels and media, and common ground building in
global teams. We define re-representation as a sequence of representations of the same concept using different communication
channels and media. We identified the re-representation technique to build common ground that is used by team members during multimodal and multimedia communicative events in cross-disciplinary,
geographically distributed settings. Our hypotheses are as follows: (1) Significant sources of information behind decisions
and request for actions are embedded within the fabric of communicative events in which participants use both informal and
formal media to express their ideas. Capturing these information sources can facilitate common ground building and accelerate
the execution of action requests. (2) Re-representations of concepts, i.e., sequences of representations using diverse media
and communication channels, mediate and accelerate common ground building. (3) The use of intra- or interdisciplinary re-representations
correlates with high team performance, i.e., effective team process and high product quality. We used AEC Global Teamwork
course offered in 2008–2009 as the testbed for our study to validate our hypothesis. 相似文献
10.
Renate A. Schmidt Dmitry Tishkovsky 《Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence》2004,42(1-3):5-36
This paper investigates a family of logics for reasoning about the dynamic activities and informational attitudes of agents, namely the agents' beliefs and knowledge. The logics are based on a new formalisation and semantics of the test operator of propositional dynamic logic and a representation of actions which distinguishes abstract actions from concrete actions. The new test operator, called informational test, can be used to formalise the beliefs and knowledge of particular agents as dynamic modalities. This approach is consistent with the formalisation of the agents' beliefs and knowledge as K(D)45 and S5 modalities. Properties concerning informativeness, truthfulness and preservation of beliefs are proved for a derivative of the informational test operator. It is shown that common belief and common knowledge can be expressed in the considered logics. This means, the logics are more expressive than propositional dynamic logic with an extra modality for belief or knowledge. The logics remain decidable and belong to 2EXPTIME. Versions of the considered logics express natural additional properties of beliefs or knowledge and interaction of beliefs or knowledge with actions. It is shown that a simulation of PDL can be constructed in one of these extensions. 相似文献