调研：更加贴近顾客

如果企业能更深入地了解他们的终端顾客，那么他们将获得真正的收益。     

Videoconferencing on the Internet

This paper describes the INRIA videoconferencing system (IVS), a low bandwidth tool for real-time video between workstations on the Internet using UDP datagrams and the IP multicast extension. The video coder-decoder (codec) is a software implementation of the ITU-T recommendation H.261 originally developed for the integrated services digital network (ISDN). Our focus is on adapting this codec for the Internet environment. We propose a packetization scheme, an error control scheme and an output rate control scheme that adapts the image coding process based on network conditions. This work shows that it is possible to maintain videoconferences with reasonable quality across packet-switched networks without requiring special support from the network such as resource reservation or admission control     

Oxygen segregation and Ge diffusion in annealed oxygen ion-implanted relaxed SiGe/Si heterostructures

Relaxed SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) is a suitable material to fabricate strained Si structures. Separation-by-implantation-of-oxygen (SIMOX) is a competing method to synthesize SGOI materials. In this work, SiGe/Si samples were implanted with 3×10¹⁷ cm⁻² oxygen ions at 60 kV, followed by high-temperature annealing. Oxygen segregation and Ge diffusion during the annealing process were investigated using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy/channeling (RBS/C), high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Our results show that the sample structure strongly depends on the thermal history and Ge diffuses mainly at the beginning stage of the high-temperature process. The process can be improved by introducing an annealing step at a medium temperature before high-temperature annealing, and sharper interfaces and good crystal quality can be obtained. Our results indicate that the SIMOX process for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) fabrication can be adopted to produce SGOI.     

Impact of Ni concentration on the intermetallic compound formation and brittle fracture strength of Sn–Cu–Ni (SCN) lead-free solder joints

Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn are common intermetallic compounds (IMCs) found in Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) lead-free solder joints with OSP pad finish. People typically attributed the brittle failure to excessive growth of IMCs at the interface between the solder joint and the copper pad. However, the respective role of Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn played in the interfacial fracture still remains unclear. In the present study, various amounts of Ni were doped in the Sn–Cu based solder. The different effects of Ni concentration on the growth rate of (Cu, Ni)₆Sn₅/Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn were characterized and compared. The results of characterization were used to evaluate different growth rates of (Cu, Ni)₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn under thermal aging. The thicknesses of (Cu, Ni)₆Sn₅/Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn after different thermal aging periods were measured. High speed ball pull/shear tests were also performed. The correlation between interfacial fracture strength and IMC layer thicknesses was established.     

Numerical study on erosion of a pipe bend with a vortex chamber

Abrasive erosion at bend is a common issue in gas–solid pneumatic system. Vortex chamber design is one of the specialized designs that offers promising prospect at reducing erosion. The performance of design is still relatively unknown in the literature. The aim of this work is to study the effect of basic erosion variables such as the flow Reynolds number, the particle Stokes number, and the vortex chamber size. The results show that the vortex chamber always reduces the erosion in comparison to the common radius bend, and it is more effective at higher Reynolds number. Increasing the chamber size reduces the erosion but the most significant reduction happens when the chamber size to the pipe diameter ratio is increased from 1 to 1.25. The chamber size influences the erosion differently at different Reynolds number. Trends describing these effects were obtained through trial-and-error approach. The particle Stokes number has nonunique effect on erosion. Increasing Stokes number through increasing Re increases the erosion while increasing Stokes number through decreasing Re_p decreases the erosion.     

Cycle synthesis and optimization of a VSA process for postcombustion CO2 capture

A systematic analysis of several vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) cycles with Zeochem zeolite 13X as the adsorbent to capture CO₂ from dry, flue gas containing 15% CO₂ in N₂ is reported. Full optimization of the analyzed VSA cycles using genetic algorithm has been performed to obtain purity‐recovery and energy‐productivity Pareto fronts. These cycles are assessed for their ability to produce high‐purity CO₂ at high recovery. Configurations satisfying 90% purity‐recovery constraints are ranked according to their energy‐productivity Pareto fronts. It is shown that a 4‐step VSA cycle with light product pressurization gives the minimum energy penalty of 131 kWh/tonne CO₂ captured at a productivity of 0.57 mol CO₂/m³ adsorbent/s. The minimum energy consumption required to achieve 95 and 97% purities, both at 90% recoveries, are 154 and 186 kWh/tonne CO₂ captured, respectively. For the proposed cycle, it is shown that significant increase in productivity can be achieved with a marginal increase in energy consumption. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4735–4748, 2013     

Plasma immersion ion implantation into cylindrical bore using internal inductively-coupled radio-frequency discharge

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is a potentially excellent interior surface treatment technique due to no line-of-sight restriction. However, some problems have been encountered due to the low ion energy and ion fluence non-uniformity especially for treatment of the interior wall of a thin tube. In this paper, a new method for inner surface PIII using internal inductively-coupled radio-frequency (RF) discharge is described. A cylindrical inductive coil inserted inside the tube serves as both the plasma source and grounded electrode to avoid overlapping of the plasma sheath fronts propagating from opposite sides. The effects of the gas species, gas pressure, RF power, and number of coil turns are investigated. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of this novel inner surface treatment method and the number of turns in the coil has a critical influence on the discharge behavior. If the number of turns is little, the plasma density is low and non-uniform inside the tube due to the relatively intense capacitively-coupled RF discharge at the two ends. In contrast, the plasma density and uniformity are evidently improved by using more turns in the coil.     

腐蚀保护层中六价铬含量分析

六价铬是一种致癌物质,它在汽车和电子工业中的应用受到欧盟的严格限制。目前,在腐蚀保护层中测定Cr(VI)的分析方法已经颁布实施。本文介绍了可用于上述两个行业的Cr(VI)检测标准──EN 15205和IEC 62321,并讨论了两者的差别。     

MRI investigations of particle motion within a three-dimensional vibro-fluidized granular bed

The unique ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide spatial and temporal information from optically opaque systems, in three dimensions, make it an ideal tool to study the internal motion of rapid granular flows. This paper will focus on the use of ultra-fast velocity compensated MRI measurements to study particle velocity and density distributions in a granular gas, produced by vibrating vertically a bed of mustard seeds at 40 Hz. Specifically, a velocity compensated, double spin-echo, triggered, one-dimensional MRI profiling pulse sequence was developed. This gives an MRI temporal resolution of approximately 2 ms and also minimises MRI velocity artefacts. 12 phase measurements per vibration cycle were used. The data can be used to extract values of the mustard seed average velocity and velocity propagators (probability distributions functions) as a function of the phase of the vibration cycle and vertical height within the cell. The data show strong transient effects during the impact phase of the vibration. A detailed discussion of the temporal passage of the individual phase resolved, height resolved velocity distributions, along with seed velocity propagators at a fix height from the vibrating base is presented.     

Kinetics of reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerization of styrene using dibenzyl trithiocarbonate as RAFT reagent and costabilizer

The roles of dibenzyl trithiocarbonate (DBTTC) as both costabilizer and reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) reagent in RAFT miniemulsion polymerizations of styrene were investigated. The effectiveness of DBTTC costabilizer in retarding Ostwald ripening involved in the storage stability of miniemulsion is comparable to that of conventional low‐molecular‐weight costabilizers such as cetyl alcohol, but inferior to that of hexadecane. The major variables chosen for studying kinetics of RAFT miniemulsion polymerizations include the type of initiators and levels of DBTTC and surfactant. At a constant level of DBTTC, the rate of polymerization for benzoyl peroxide (BPO)‐initiated polymerization is slower than that for sodium persulfate (SPS)‐initiated polymerization. Furthermore, the polymerization rate decreases with increasing level of DBTTC for polymerizations initiated by BPO (or SPS). It is the monomer droplet nucleation that governs BPO‐initiated polymerizations. In contrast, for SPS‐initiated polymerizations, the probability for homogeneous nucleation to take place is greatly increased, especially for polymerizations with lower levels of DBTTC and higher levels of surfactant. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry