Tetragonal to monoclinic transformation and microstructural evolution in ZrO2–9.7 mol% MgO during cyclic heating and cooling

The tetragonal (t) to monoclinic (m) transformation behaviour and its relationship to microstructural evolution were investigated by means of dilatometry and transmission electron microscopy for ZrO2–9.7 mol% MgO during cyclic heating and cooling between room temperature and 1490 K. In the as-sintered specimens, fine oblate ellipsoidal t-phase precipitates, 20–50 nm in diameter and 100–200 nm long, were distributed in the cubic (c)-phase matrix. They were below a critical size for transformation and exhibited no transformation in the first three cycles. In the fourth and further cycles, transformation occurred in two distinct stages. A low-temperature stage appeared at 850–1000 K on heating and at 400–700 K on cooling, while a high-temperature stage appeared at 1350–1400 K on heating and at 1000–1200 K on cooling. With the increasing number of cycles, at first the size of low-temperature stages increased and then decreased above ten cycles accompanying the development of the high-temperature stage. During cyclic heating and cooling, coarsening of ellipsoidal precipitates and decomposition of c- and t-phases occurred. As a result of the decomposition, MgO particles and a new m-phase containing a very low concentration of MgO were produced. The coarsened ellipsoidal t-phase precipitates were responsible for the low-temperature stage. The new m- or t-phase containing very low MgO produced by the decomposition was responsible for the high-temperature stage.     

Effects of Oxygen Absorber and Temperature on ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Sardine Oil during Storage

To prevent loss of w3 polyunsaturated fatty acids over long-term preservation, the effects of temperature and oxygen absorber on the fatty acids of sardine oil stored in air-tight film were studied. The fatty acids of sardine oil and lipids in the diet of experimental animals rapidly decreased over 1 month at 22°C. The amounts in the diet decreased slowly at 2°C; however, no alterations in the oil samples were observed for 6 months. Also, the amounts did not change at -30°C. Significant changes in samples treated with oxygen absorber were not observed under all temperatures during 6 months storage (P > 0.05). These results indicate that treatment with an oxygen absorber and/or freezing can prevent ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of fish oil from decreasing during storage.     

三水铝石的粉碎机械力化学效就与热特性

使用振动球磨机将三水铝石粉体进行干式微粉碎.粉碎实验条件为介质球/试样(质量比)=8.5.研究调查了不同粉碎时间处理粉碎试样的机械力化学效应(平均粒径、结晶无定形和加热特性).结果表明,长时间粉碎,达到粉碎平衡,平均粒径趋于极限值.粉碎过程中未脱水.由于粉碎,加热脱水温度、结晶相变温度降低.     

A Flux‐Modulating Synchronous Machine with Permanent Magnet Excitation

This paper presents a novel type of flux‐modulating synchronous machine (FMSM) in which permanent magnets (PMs) are embedded in the stator back‐iron. The rotor has neither windings nor PMs. A prototype machine with an outer‐rotor configuration was designed and manufactured to validate the operating principle of the FMSM. The characteristics in the motor mode of the prototype machine were also investigated with a vector control system. The results of the investigations show that, as in surface‐mounted PM motors, the torque of the FMSM is predominantly generated by the PM flux and can be controlled using the armature current.     

Design of a fixed-point smoother based on an innovations theory for white gaussian plus coloured observation noise

The optimal fixed-point smoother is designed based on an innovations theory for the white gaussian plus coloured observation noise in linear continuous systems. The signals to be estimated are non-stationary or stationary stochastic processes. The proposed fixed-point smoothing algorithm calculates estimates sequentially by using the observed value, the autocovariance function of the signal plus the coloured observation noise process and the cross-covariance function of the signal with the observed value.     

Acid Urease: Reduction of Ethyl Carbamate Formation in Sherry under Simulated Baking Conditions

Acid urease derived from Lactobacillus fermentum was applied to reduce ethyl cthe target level (90 μg/L). However, complete prearbamate (EC) formation in California sherry production. Commercial sherry and sherry base were treated with urease under different conditions. Amounts of urea were determined and EC amounts were monitored by gas chromatography. Urea removal by acid urease reduced EC formation during the baking process and effectively maintained EC concentrations below vention of EC was not achieved because of precursors other than urea.     

Capsule-Packed Freezing of Cooked Rice and Glutinous Rice Cakes

Cooked rice and commercial glutinous rice cakes were frozen by a capsule-packed freezing method we developed, then stored. Characteristics of samples frozen by this new method were compared with those of samples frozen in deep freezers (–20°C and –50°C), or chilled in an ordinary (5°C) or Cold Fog refrigerator (0°C). Texturometer measurements, glucoamylase digestion, and X-ray diffraction analysis of specimens thawed to room temperature indicated that the samples prepared by our new method were superior to those frozen in conventional freezers or chilled in refrigerators. Simulation experiments in a program freezer showed that rapid freezing and adequate tempering were characteristic of our capsule-packed method.     

Structure of operators'' mental models in coping with anomalies occurring in nuclear power plants

Accidents occurring in nuclear power plants cannot be depended upon to train experts of nuclear operators. Generally, this expertise is developed through the simulator training. In this training course, only limited varieties of malfunctions can be presented. Thus, it would be impossible for operators to cope with any other possible anomalies of diverse varieties. Operators have to reorganize knowledge and experiences obtained in the training. Of course, prescribed procedures are far from covering them. This paper presents the structure and contents of a “operator's mental model” and it can deal with flexible operations under any situation. Based on the record of the simulator experiments, in-depth analyses were conducted by interviewing with experienced operators in order to model operators' thinking patterns and also to arrive at the aims behind their actions and utterances. Summarizing the findings obtained, fundamental functions of the mental model in coping with anomalies resulted in the following: (1) suggesting suitable preventive measures by envisioning the ongoing (future) scenario of plant dynamics; (2) identifying causes by investigating symptoms and implying causal remedies to eliminate them or to avoid influences from them and (3) adopting immediate responses simply formulated by “if alarm A then action B”. These functions, as well as the mental model itself, can be made available by getting information on plant status and operator's structured knowledge together. The substances and structures of the mental models could be proposed, including implications of how to create it for a specific event, and finally they were synthesized into a more generalized format.     

Kinetics of Hydration of Monocaldum Aluminate

Hydration of CaAl₂O₄ (CA) was studied by calorimetry, analysis of the liquid phase, measurement of the combined water, and electron microscopy. During the induction period, the solution remains almost unchanged and is equilibrated temporarily with both superficially intrusion-hydrated CA particles and Al(OH)₃ gel formed by dissociation of Al(OH)₄^– ions, the solubility of the Al(OH)₃ gel being 10^–4.24 molkg^–1 at 25°C, while the intrusion-hydrated layer on the CA particles grows following a nearly linear law to reach a critical thickness (∼3 nm at 10° to 20°C, or 12 nm at 30°C). At this point destruction of the layer occurs, nuclei of hydrous compounds are generated, and the induction period terminates. Subsequent reaction proceeds in accordance with the rate equation of Schiller based on the dissolution-crystallization mechanism.     

Development of a Kanji (Chinese Characters) Instruction Tool by Using Image-Processing Aided Method

Nowadays, it is quite easy to read or write kanji, that is Chinese character, by. writingthem on the computer monitor tube and/or word processor on screen. On the other hand, their realmeanings or history as they have originated and developed can not always be understood by theJapanese people.Moreover, any kanji today is often used only as a symbol without other meaning, andmeaningless words otherwise than their pronunciations are prevalent;which trend trend should never besupported by the public in general.In this study, we propose a system of educational tools for presenting kanji characters to let thestudents understand meanings of them as they originated from their prototypes or hieroglyphicimages representing their original meanings. The key frame or interval figure method is one ofeffective methods in computer graphic (CG) to show the transition of one original figure (A) to itscurrent form (B). Using this method is considered very effective when kanji is usually written ordisplayed in straight lines and curves. However, sometimes and kanji is also written or drawn like apicture with a special pen or a Japanese fude () to make adequate a main auxiliary techniquecalled morphing introduced in this study. Several examples in point are demonstrated on the videotape at the conference.