Detection of Chemiluminescence Produced during Beer Oxidation

Chemiluminescence (CL) produced in beer was detected using the single photoelectron counting system. CL production did not occur in a nitrogen atmosphere but did occur in air and was dependent on incubation temperatures. It was inhibited by the addition of ascorbic acid. CL analysis should provide useful information in the study of oxidative deterioration of beer.     

Grain Growth and Phase Transformation of Titanium Oxide During Calcination

Additions of NiO, CoO, MnO₂, Fe₂O₃, and CuO promote the anatase-rutile transformation and grain growth of TiO₂. Additions of Na₂O and WO₃ retard the transformation and have no effect on the grain growth. The addition of MoO₃ strongly promotes the grain growth but has only a slight effect on the phase transformation. Both the grain growth and transformation are promoted slightly by Cr₂O₃. The transformation is significantly affected by the method of preparing TiO₂. The grain size of TiO₂ heated in H₂ exceeds that of TiO₂ heated in O₂, in air, in argon, and in vacuum. The rate of transformation decreases with an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen of the atmosphere.     

DNA ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FOOD-ASSOCIATED FOREIGN SUBSTANCES

To identify food‐associated foreign substances, a DNA analysis consisting of 18S rDNA sequencing and homology search analysis has been developed. In this method, we designed universal primer pairs for specific amplification of animal and plant 18S rDNA and constructed an original DNA database storing partial 18S rDNA sequences of 222 organisms commonly used for culinary purposes. In the model experiments, food materials were successfully identified, indicating that our DNA analysis method can be practically applied to the identification of food‐associated foreign substances. It is also expected that this method complements conventional morphological and compositional analysis, leading to more accurate and reliable identification of food‐associated foreign substances.     

5K下针尖导致Si(001)表面结构变化的NC-AFM观察

The Si(001)surface has attracted much attention because of its practical importance in most LSI devices t11at are fabricated on this surface.However,recent STM studies performed at low temperatures(LT)questioned whether the c(4x2)phase is the most stable phase.     

Achieving 'Customer Focus' in Private Housebuilding: Current Practice and Lessons from Other Industries

Driven by government ambitions to improve the quality and cost of new housing, British private sector housebuilders are searching for ways to become more 'customer focused'. However, concepts developed in other manufacturing and service sectors are being transferred into the housebuilding industry without fully understanding their implications. The paper explores the concept of 'customer focus', the ways it is being adopted in UK housebuilding and identifies structural barriers which have impeded its introduction. Conclusions are presented on the business strategies that need to be in place if the aspirations for a more customer-focused housebuilding industry are to be met.     

Limonoid Glucosides in Fruit, Juice and Processing by-products of Satsuma Mandarin (Chus unshiu Marcov.)

In a study on improving utilization of waste from processing of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcov.) the limonoid glucosides of fruit, juice, and by-products were measured using HPLC and TLC. All materials had the 17-β-D-glucopyranoside derivatives of limonoids reported in other commercial citrus fruit. Citrus molasses was a good source for industrial scale extraction of limonoid glucosides. An extraction system using polystyrene divinylbenzene resins, was developed which could be expanded to industrial scale.     

Generation of Mannitol from Copra Meal

Saccharification of copra meal with hydrochloric acid was found to be suitable method for forming reducing sugars. The presence of protein and lignin in the meal did not have a significant effect on the yield of reducing sugars. Borohydride reduction of the reducing sugars gave sugar alcohols in 44% yield based on the raw material or 81% based on carbohydrate content. The sugar alcohol mixture contained 66% mannitol, 24% sorbitol and 5% galactitol. The recovery of hydrochloric acid which renders the process more economically feasible was done by vacuum distillation.     

High Temperature Storage Effect on Longevity of Rice Seeds

Storage of Indica (Oryza sativa L. cv. Katakutara) and Japonica (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kusabue) rice seeds at 30° and 40°C for 2 months in the dark did not result in the loss of viability in both cultivars. Storage at 60°C, however, resulted in a complete loss of germination after 45 days in the case of Kusabue while the Katakutara rice seeds retained the germination potential well above 95%. Corresponding increases in the linoleic acid content of the free fatty acid fraction and TBA values of the extracted lipid fraction were also observed in Kusabue rice seeds. The investigation indicated that the Indica rice seeds were better protected than the Japonica rice seeds by the enclosing rice hull during the storage period.     

Detection of Free Radicals in Beer Oxidation

Short-lived radicals produced during the incubation of beer at 60°C were detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic analysis using N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) as a spin trapping reagent. The hyperfine splitting (hfs) constants were 15.7 ± 0.2 G and 3.2 ± 0.2 G for α_N and a^β_H, respectively. The hfs constants of PBN adducts produced by Co⁶⁰γ irradiation were 15.6 ± 0.3 G and 3.1 ± 0.2 G for α_N and α^β_H in beer and 15.7 ± 0.3 G and 3.3 ± 0.3 G for α_N and α^β_H in double distilled water. It is proposed, therefore, that short-lived radicals produced during the incubation of beer at 60°C may be hydroxyl radicals.     

Sintering of High-Purity Nickel Oxide, II

The effects of particle size, compacting pressure, additives, and mode of preparation on the sintering of nickel oxide are presented. A low calcining temperature results in a high bulk density of a sintered compact. No appreciable change in the rate of sintering is found above 1000 kg. per sq. cm., whereas the unheated density increases with increasing pressures. Additions of CaO promote sintering, additions of Na₂O, Fe₂O₃, and Al₂O₃ retard sintering, and CeO₂ and Ag₂O have no effect; B₂O₃ accelerates grain growth but retards densification. Nickel oxide from oxalate has a small rate of sintering as compared with nickel oxides from hydroxide, nitrate, and carbonate. The effects of the mode of preparation of nickel oxide are discussed in view of the activation energy of electronic conductivity and particle size.